Digital Evidence ethics and computer forensics Essay

Digital Evidence ethics and computer forensics - Essay Example The perpetrators can be the staff in the companies or even the student. When it comes to ethical issues, somebody or the culprit may want to run away from the issue saying that he or she has not committed any offence since no child has gotten access to the material. As per the joint act, a child in this case is somebody who is blow the age of 18 years while child pornography is any form of material that shows or that depict a child doing something that is related to sex. It includes exposure of a child’s private parts such as the genitals or the pubic areas. In addition, an adult disguised to be a child involving himself or she in a sexual conduct is also considered a crime. Digital images of a real child or a fictitious child engaging the same conduct is also considered a crime Case study In 2007, there was a case in high court in United States concerning a university student who was distributing phonographic material within and outside the campus. In the case the student was charged with possessing materials that can be harmful to the children or even an adult who is not pleased with the content of the material. According to the joint act, a child in this case is somebody who is blow the age of 18 years while child pornography is any form of material that shows or that depict a child doing something that is related to sex. It includes exposure of a child’s private parts such as the genitals or the pubic areas. In addition, an adult disguised to be a child involving himself or she in a sexual conduct is also considered a crime. Digital images of a real child or a fictitious child engaging the same conduct is also considered a crime Case study In 2007, there was a case in high court in United States concerning a university student who was distributing phonographic material within and outside the campus. In the case the student was charged with possessing materials that can be harmful to the children or even an adult who is not pleased with the con tent of the material. According to the joint act, a child in this case is somebody who is blow the age of 18 years while child pornography is any form of material that shows or that depict a child doing something that is related to sex. It includes exposure of a child’s private parts such as the genitals or the pubic areas. In addition, an adult disguised to be a child involving himself or she in a sexual conduct is also considered a crime. Digital images of a real child or a fictitious child engaging the same conduct is also considered a crime. Source: National Juvenile Online Victimization Study http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/publications/NC144.pdf Ethical issue The ability of an individual to navigate within the web pages and the links that are related to a website give him a chance to fully follow you. Underlying this belief is the perception that virtual crimes are actions in cyberspace, with its shared virtual community and virtual citizens, and consisting of a mixtur e of real identities, alter egos, clones and even virtual beings. Hence, it is fundamentally different from crimes committed in the physical world. As such, the application and standards of criminal laws for the virtual community should be markedly different from those commonly applied in the courts of the physical world. Though their views appear futuristic and far-fetched at this point in time, the potential for its full or partial adoption may be foreseeable. Already, there are serious talks of the creation of cyber-courts to administer and dispense cyber-justice, which may entail punishments that are unique to the medium and that may not have a real world equivalent (Rittinghouse 2009) Investigation technique Finding substantial evidence was quite cumbersome because the internet use provides to the person who has the intention to stalk. The agencies that enforce laws need to review the law in order for them to come up with new tools and mechanism to combat this crime. The more p ressing and disturbing idea is that the person committing these crimes has the resource for example the skills and expertise on the internet use and he or she is determinant to frustrate or rather humiliate the victims. Research has shown that such perpetrators can decide to do so because of vengeance. Research has shown that stalkers are more experience in terms of age education and professional background. The gender also has

Restaurant Business as One of the Most Rewarding Type of Small Essay

Restaurant Business as One of the Most Rewarding Type of Small Businesses - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that restaurant business is one of the most rewarding types of small businesses. The researcher has witnessed one of his uncle’s advances so much economically because of owning one of them. His restaurant is a fast food restaurant located in the middle of one of the busy streets in Saudi Arabia. The main types of food served at the restaurant are chicken, chicken burgers, fries,  burgers,  pizza, sandwiches, junk food among other fast meals. Fresh fruit juices are also served at the restaurant. The restaurant offers quick dining for those who have time to sit and eat but for those who have no such time, quality food packaging services are offered. The legal ownership structure of the business The legal ownership structure for the restaurant in question is the sole proprietorship. The business is classified under sole proprietorship type of business because only one person legally owns the business, and he and t he business are treated as one entry. He did not partner with anyone in or outside the family in the setting up of the business or running it. Instead, he is the overall manager of the business, overseeing operations, and employees like chefs, customers attendants, and cashiers. At the end of every month, all the profits or losses are upon him alone and he carries liability for any debts incurred. Alternative possible structures An alternative for the sole proprietorship is General Partnership. However, their losses are determined by the extent of their investment. Peacock states that as for a Limited Liability Company, no partner is personally liable for any debts incurred by the business. Before commencing with business, all partners make a written agreement detailing the organization of the business, alienability of interests, provisions of management, and distribution of profits and losses. Sole proprietorship as the most appropriate structures Sole proprietorship is the most ap propriate type of business ownership structure, especially for a small business. It is best fitted for hardworking individuals and those who can learn to sacrifice for a better tomorrow. This is because the owner can decide to plow back a large portion of the profits accrued over a period just to ensure that the business expands within a short period. As for partnerships, not all partners could be ready to make this sacrifice. It is easy to make decisions in sole proprietorship since opinions are sought before undertaking anything. Such structure protects a business from the weaknesses that are found in some form of partnerships with family businesses where decisions are emotionally driven instead of being driven by logic. The owner is not obliged to hire any family members but qualified persons for the business. Out of the hard work of the month, there is no one to take away any portion of the profit from the owner. Reed points out that such business is not subject to government ta xes.

Food Inflation In Pakistan: Causes And Policy

Food Inflation In Pakistan: Causes And Policy Inflation and its measures   As defined in the glossary of economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate or general price level in an economy. In other words, inflation means there is an increase in the cost of living  [2]  . In Pakistan, inflation is measured by three indicators: the Consumer price index, Wholesale price index and the Sensitive Price indicator. Consumer Price Index or CPI is the main measure which gives a general representation of the inflation in the country. About 374 items are included in this list. It measures cost changes associated with these items. Wholesale Price Index or WPI represents the directional movements of prices in the wholesale markets. Items covered in the series are those which could be precisely defined and are offered in lots by producers/manufacturers. These account to 425 items. Sensitive Price Indicator or SPI is computed on weekly basis to assess the price movements of essential commodities at short intervals so as to review the price situation in the country. SPI includes 53 items which are based on the staple diet of the country. HISTORIC TRENDS Inflation in Pakistan in the last two decades Gone are the days when food on its own was considered as a cheap resource and most people could afford at least the basic commodities necessary for their survival. The food crises in our country is not only a local phenomena but it can, to a certain extent, be attributed to soaring food prices internationally, particularly over the last year. This, coupled with ineffective, myopic policy measures by the government has driven millions below the poverty line. Rising food prices was a major factor in driving up inflation between 2007 and mid 2008. The most appalling thing about food price inflation is that it is the most regressive of all taxes, hurting the poor and fixed income group the most. Starting with inflation in double digits in the 90s, the real pressure came in the 1994-1995 when inflation went up by 13%, mainly due to extremely high food inflation of 16.5%.However, from then on, there was a steady dip in the overall inflation with food inflation falling below the Consumer Price Index (CPI) between 1999-2002. This was because of an improved supply position, strict budgetary measures and depressed international markets.  [3]   From then on, mainly because of higher wheat support prices, shortages of wheat and a rise in international prices including oil has pushed the inflation back up again, with food inflation going as high as 12% in 2004-2005. It fell again to single digit in 2005-2006 but has climbed at shocking levels since then. The food inflation average was lowest between 1998-2000 and currently the food inflation figure is around 7.5%. However, eight of the top ten commodities contributing to the overall CPI inflation, were from the food group, having a weighted contribution of 38.3 percent in overall inflation. These items were fresh milk, meat, vegetables, wheat flour, sugar, readymade food, tomatoes, and tea. Of these, four items of food group; fresh milk, meat, vegetables, and wheat flour contributed 71.7 percent to CPI food inflation (YoY)  [4]   Inflation in the last 5 years Inflation in Pakistan in the last five years has been sky rocketing. The following graphs have been drawn after collecting prices from the Business Recorder taken at a six month interval date. (A detailed list of prices is attached in the appendix of the report) In the abpve diagram, Cereals include items: makai, juwar, moong Punjab, barley sindh and Wheat Pak whereas Sugar includes sugar and Gur. All other goods contain their sub types. In the above diagram, the average prices include: Cereals includes 5 different items namely Makai, Juwar, Moong Punjab, barley Sindh and wheat Pak; Sugar includes Sugar and Gur; Whole rice includes Irri 6 Sindh, Basmati 386 new and Sela karnal new; Broken rice includes Irri white and Basmati; Rapeseed 40kg prices of Nawabshah and Dadulane types scaled to 100 kg and Castor seeds 40 kg prices of Lasbela new and Sindh types scaled to 100 kg prices From the graphs , we can analyze easily that generally, the average wholesale price range per 100 kg has increased significantly after January 08 from the average price range of Rs 1000-3000 to Rs 2000-5000.This is approximately a 70-100% increase in the average food prices over the last 2 years. It has brought about a 35-50% year on year with Whole Rice price even touching Rs 7000 mark in July 2008. The average sugar price has also gone up significantly causing sweetened items in the retail market to be beyond the common peoples reach. Therefore, our report will analyze on the causes of these escalating food prices, focusing specifically on the last five years and will also analyze the impact of the food inflation on various segments of the society during this period. We will also be evaluating various food policies in order to cope up with this ever growing problem in the developing economy of Pakistan Causes of Food inflation This section is covered in three categories: Causes for rise in food prices in general Despite the fact that Pakistan has been blessed with all the natural resources such as a cultivable land, a hardworking labour force and a suitable climate for the production of variety of crops, a number of domestic and international factors are causing food prices to escalate. Some of these factors are analyzed below. Although Pakistan derives fifty per cent of its energy needs from natural gas, yet due to rising energy demand, the country has to import oil to fulfill this gap. There has been a trend of increasing oil prices in the last few years globally. A rise in oil prices increases the cost of making fertilizers which are needed for increasing the yield per hectare of the crop. Hence, a rise in price of fertilizer translates into rise in price of crop Not only that, rising fuel prices increase the electricity costs and therefore, farmers using tractors and tube wells have to pay a higher cost for using the machinery. Pakistan has a potential for using hydroelectric power but due to interprovincial disputes, this solution has not been achieved  [5]  . Transportation costs also rise as fuel prices increase. Various other international factors have caused an increasing food prices globally. International food inflation creeps into Pakistan when it has to import these food items to fill the stomach of more than 160 million populations. This includes a move by many countries to substitute biofuels in place for rising oil prices to ensure energy security in the country. Bio-fuel production is seriously affecting the world food markets as its demand is leading to diverting grain to production of biofuel, thus creating supply shortages and increasing international food prices. Various other international factors such as price controls and export bans have hurt the incentives of the food producers which have reduced world supply of food production. Also, many people in the developed nations are now moving towards high end consumption products such as meat, fish and are using pulses for feeding the animals which creates shortages and drives up the prices  [6]  . This international rise in w orld price, along with a weakening rupee has caused imported food inflation in Pakistan as well. In addition, there are other domestic factors also responsible for this trend of increasing prices. Pakistani farmers have outdated farming methods and have not resorted to modernization. Their risk averse attitude is although rational, yet, has disadvantaged agricultural output growth and hence economy. Government has also neglected the agricultural sector with lack of facilities for the farmers to efficiently market their products or even for preserving them for bridging shortages and surplus when there is a demand supply gap  [7]  . This factor, along with inapt fiscal and monetary policies, has seriously affected the agricultural output. Growing political unrest has further diverted the attention of the government which is paying more attention to fight and mitigate the terrorism in the country. As rest of the world is busy competing with other nations, Pakistani government is busy sorting out their internal differences. Also, politics play a dirty part in Pakistan as cartels are easily formed to manipulate the market prices. Such profiteering activities, along with black marketing and hoarding have further drowned the citizens in the already knee-deep flood of problem. Causes for rise in sugar prices- The Sugar Crisis We have all witnessed the tragedy of 18 women who were trying to get free bags of sugar dying in a stampede. This represents the seriousness of the current sugar crisis. Such horrific crises make us wonder about the effectiveness of the regulatory body of the government. Various factors are responsible, most of which are political. As sugar has always been a difficult field to administer, Pakistans feudal lords try to benefit at the expense of poor farmers. They have always conquered politics and fulfill their selfish interests by easily passing on the higher prices of sugar to consumers  [8]   When governments try to intervene by importing sugar so that the prices stay under control, the mill owners who are mostly strong political figures, use their influence which results in government imposing higher tariffs thereby increasing the price of the imported sugar. Hence, domestic sugar prices do not come down. Also, the trolley-owners who transport sugarcane for the mill owners exploit farmers by demanding additional Rs 250-300 per trolley during cane shortage. To make things worse, an extra cost of Rs. 100 per day is paid by the mill owners for a delay in unloading the sugarcane at the gate along with the provision of food and tea.  [9]  This is because the more time elapses, the lower is the recoverable cane juice and hence higher is the millowners profit when a guaranteed price is paid by the government. In this whole process, farmers and the final consumers are the ones who suffer The International markets also experienced an increase in the price of sugar due to poor weather conditions in major sugar producing countries which includes Brazil and India. This automatically led to shortage of supply of sugar and the prices of sugar went up as a result. The price trends in the international market had an impact on prices of Pakistan and aggravated the existing supply issues. Also, this year there was a shortfall in domestic production of the sugarcane crop. The government had no option but to plan for imports. The importation of sugar was delayed because the vested-interest groups used their undue influence and made huge profits by charging exorbitant prices as there was shortage of sugar. The delay in importing sugar resulted not just in shortage in the domestic market and poor availability but also led to loss of foreign exchange, as by the time sugar was procured in the international market, its price had soared. Pakistan Sugar Mills Association was also involved in the creation of the sugar crisis. Khaled Mirza, Competition Commission Chairman told the media in November, 2009 that Pakistan Sugar Mills Association has confessed manipulation to get sugar production and distribution. The association violated competition ordinance and sought courts relaxation under section39.  [10]  Also, Mian Manzoor Wattoo, Federal Minister for Industries and Production told the media in August 2009 that hoarding of sugar by the mill owners is the main cause of recent sugar crisis and negotiations with the mill owners are underway to end the sugar crisis. There are some mill owners who are not providing the sugar to Trading Corporation of Pakistan.  [11]   Causes for rise in wheat prices the wheat crisis The dawn of 2008 in the Musharraf era, bought with it, amidst much political turmoil (after the Bhutto assassination) another nail that hammered in the coffin. Early January, there was a heavy spike in the price of wheat; Pakistans staple food crop. Supply shortages caused wheat prices to double from 15 to 30 rupees per kilogram in less than a weeks time  [12]  ; rendering much of the population grief stricken and helpless, out on the streets. The shortage ultimately led to a wheat-producing country importing tons of wheat to cater to local demands. The causes of the shortage were numerous, and as in all situations, all stakeholders boldly showed their prowess in mud-slinging, and everyone put the blame to all but themselves. Let us have a look at the major causes that might have led to the crisis. The most popular reason given was the general world food crisis that was prevalent at that time. Definitely the world wheat shortages somewhat contributed to the local crisis but it was certainly not the sole reason, and as we will see, many other internal flaws had a far major role to play. Firstly the first, crucial shortfall was on part of the government as they unreasonably overestimated the annual wheat yield and allowed 1.6 million tons of wheat to be exported in the earlier year. The consequences were damaging, as the actual yield fell way short and the thus a large supply gap got created as local demand could not be met by a long shot. Moreover, the popular policy of subsidized food prices also played a major role. In times of shortages, still the government decided to fix wheat prices well short of the market price which instigated the mill owners to hoard and pile up stocks to raise the prices at which they thought they could get reasonable profits. The world market price was around Rs 24 per kilogram but the retail price was set by the government at Rs 16 per kg. This also lead to the suppliers indulge in smuggling. The government did decide to monitor this by putting military around mills and warehouses but this was a shallow measure which only worked temporarily. So this bizarre wheat policy has hurt the average farmer and the common man to suffer, and the benefactors being the middlemen, the flour mill traders and the government officials who have connived their way in the smuggling rucket as well at the expense of the commons. Some specific actions by Musharraf though also led to this crisis. Musharrafs desire to promote and use the newly built Gwadar port led to delayed transportation of the wheat from the remote areas of Balochistan to Punjab and other parts of the country  [13]  . The new port lacks the required facilities for swift unloading of consignments, which greatly delayed supply of wheat imports, creating unneeded problems. So all in all, the government was at the focal point of the crisis from the start (the other players joined in though in due course), and it also failed to stabilize the issue afterwards with misguided policies EFFECTS OF FOOD INFLATION The word inflation may not ring bells to the majority of illiterate people of Pakistan but its deep and far reaching consequences may not be stranger to the lives of many. People on fixed incomes are the worst victims when food inflation hits. Their spending power decreases which leaves lesser income to be spent on other goods and services. In order to pay for the higher food prices, many people have to take up multiple jobs, exerting great pressure on their physical health, thus increasing their medical costs. A common man who has other worries to take care of is left with lesser income altogether in this whole process Not only that, food inflation affects the rural region and low income groups more than others, thereby resulting in exacerbating the already uneven distribution of wealth in the economy. Although the rich do not get richer because of inflation but the poor definitely gets poorer. Significant increases in the prices of food commodities lead to an increase in the poverty levels of the country as the real income of people fall, pushing more and more people below the poverty line. In a report titled Summary poverty reduction and Social strategy the ADB states overall a 20 per cent increase in food prices will lead to an 8pc increase in the poverty head count, from 36pc to 44pc, with the negative impact of food price shocks falling disproportionately on rural poor, as opposed to the urban poor.  [14]   Government has to step in to protect the citizens but it leads to a conflict in other macroeconomic objectives. From July 2008 to March 2009, the policy rate had to be increased from 13.5% to 15%.  [15]  This causes a reduction in the investment and overall investor confidence which hampers the rate of growth of GDP. Private investment as a share of GDP fell for the third consecutive year to 13.2% of GDP.  [16]  last year. Rising food prices creates frustration among the people which take the form of protests against the government creating more social unrest in the country. Strikes, abuse of property are common sights when food as basic as sugar and wheat have sky rocketed. Different steps were taken by the government to provide food to the poor at subsidized rates at Bachat Bazars but this is not proving to be as beneficial as one might believe because many people still go back home empty handed even after waiting in line for several hours as the stocks run out.  [17]   Businesses too have far reaching consequences. As there is a decline in the purchasing power of individuals, it results in a lesser demand for their goods and services. This in turn affects the profitability of the organizations. To make matters worse, laborers demand higher wages which in turn increase the cost of doing business. This increase in cost is transferred to the buyers in the form of higher prices, giving rise to more cost push inflation. This forms a vicious wage-price spiral in which expectations of further increasing prices leads to a self fulfilling prophecy. Overall, when the economy inflation rate is making new records, people move the money out of the currency which leads to a devaluation of the currency. Moreover, when the price of these export items made up of agricultural food crop increase, it is not only the exporters who suffer but the entire country has little foreign exchange earning to pay for the rising import costs, thus weakening the balance of payments and increasing debt costs. Policy Recommendations Short term policies It is a well known fact that prevention is better than cure but the miseries of the common man in Pakistan has reached a nadir whereby prevention is a long term and a secondary phenomena and short term quick fixes are immediate requirements of today. What the government is required to do in order to fix escalating food prices in the very short run is to distribute free food through mobile services at different points in the country. The governments first and foremost responsibility is to make sure that no citizen of Pakistan die because he or she could not get a right as basic as food. However, as it was witnessed a few months back that such a free distribution make people rush to the place causing stampedes and deaths, great care needs to be taken while implementing the policy. If the government cannot maintain distribution decorum in the people, then they should subsidize the incomes of the poor. However, the government should make sure that the subsidized income is provided only to those people who are needy enough and cannot even afford living. The government can introduce a compulsory work practice which can screen the needy from those who are not. After curing the immediate side effects of the inflation, the government has to take some preventive measures. Food price mechanism in the country has been severely distorted because of food price controls and when such prices are less than the international prices, the farmers and the middlemen maximize their gains by smuggling their crop to the neighbouring country. If the international prices are also not high, then they have to think twice before planting the seeds of the same crop in the next season which reduces supply and automatically increase price in the next season, again leading to black marketing and hoarding issues. Such disincentives are the by-products of price controls set too low. The government should offer the price which is more than the market clearing price and then purchase the crop from these farmers and give them their minimum guaranteed income. The government can sell the crops at the subsidized rates in the market. However, as various middlemen come in between, such an implementation of policy becomes almost an impossible task. As in the case of sugar, it came under the notice that the sugarcane farmers are exploited by the mill owners who purchase the raw material from farmers at a lower price then prescribed by the government. Also, these poor farmers who have no power of their own have to face delays while transporting the sugarcane to mill, due to political reasons which leads to loss in the value of output. This in turn affects supply of the food crop and hence affects prices. A government intervention at this intermediary phase by employing a better check on such profiteering activities at the expense of poor farmers can help control the soaring food prices. Long term Policies The ever money hungry politicians of the country will continue to play dirty as long as their power is not taken away. These politicians treat the small farmers as slaves just because they own that piece of land. These landlords do not even consider land as a gift of God which can fulfill the hunger needs but more as a status symbol of power and wealth. Pakistan requires such a leader who can come forth and shatter feudalism from Pakistan. Until and unless farmers do not own the piece of land and continue to work as sharecroppers, the agricultural output cannot be maximized. Land Reforms are thus, the requirement of the country which can help increase food output and hence keep the prices under control. Distributing such large pieces of land to the small farmers who often have to work in marginal pieces of land will increase their productivity and hence increase the supply of products. Also, in order to curb inflationary pressure created due to supply shortages, the government should invest in research and development so that better seeds, fertilizers and technology are available to the farmers which can then increase yield per hectare. The government also needs to educate them about not only what to do but also how to do. Also, there is a need to provide the farmers with infrastructure and logistics facilities such as better roads, easier credit facilities, warehouses to store extra produce, better marketing techniques etc. Fuel not only drives machinery but also drives the success of the economy. An economy which relies mostly on such a fuel which has severe escalating tendency will end up destroying its growth engine. In a country like Pakistan where oil, diesel and natural gas serve the basic fuel requirements and where nothing much is done regarding its increasing price tendency, there is a dire need to develop alternate energy sources. The optimal measure for the short term is to subsidize the oil prices but for the long run Pakistan should develop hydroelectric power plants as it is a very cheap source of electricity. The government should also have talks with India over this very sensitive issue as the supply of water is often stopped by India which leaves less water not only for hydroelectric plants but also for agricultural output. For the current hydroelectric power plants especially at Mangla, Tarbela and Warsak, silting is not an uncommon problem. Government should develop technology or purchase it from the foreign countries which can deal with the problem of silting in the dams as it reduces the water supply and hampers the movement of turbines in the hydroelectric plants All these measures will not be fruitful if on an individual level, we continue to play the blame game and fail to perform our responsibility. We all need to go back fourteen hundred years where the rules of an effective society were established by God, the tying thread of which belief in Allah. We have to focus our minds from the benefits of this world to the punishments and rewards of the Hereafter. Once all of us on an individual level realize that we are accountable to Him, neither the policies will be selfish, nor its implementation will require any further checks and balances and only then the chronic problem of food politics and rising prices will come to a halt. Leadership Case Study: Nike Corporation Leadership Case Study: Nike Corporation Nike is the authority of all action artifact providers. Nikes business is on an all-around scale, abundant beyond than best American articles today. Nike is one of the best accepted domiciliary names in American society, if you alive in this decade you own a Nike artifact no amount what it is. There are abounding Nike articles you can accept from the account is about endless. Now lets anticipate how did Nike become so large, how is Nike so successful, how does there articles become such call for todays society and all credit goes to a strong leadership under which all employees work. Leadership at Nike Corporation can be easily understood by having a glance over the term Leadership, and how it varies from managers. What separates amazing leaders from managers? One way to analyze the aberration is to analyze the mindset of leaders and managers. Managers are abundant at analytic problems. Leaders, on the added hand, bleed their abundance by creating problems. Range of Leadership Theories: Situational leadership theories Functional administration is all actual able-bodied but it doesnt advice us to accord with changes, altered situations and the attributes of the bodies actuality led. Situational theories of administration were developed to acquisition acceptable means of adapting administration accomplishments to accommodate the needs of altered situations and circumstances. One archetypal situational archetypal of administration is anxious with anecdotic the adeptness and alertness of those actuality led, and again free the best appearance of administration to follow. Other approaches Lewin, Tannenbaum Schmidt ) Advance of continuums of administration style. Leadership appearance actuality refers to the ample access adopted by a leader. A leaders appearance of administration is generally based on a leaders own beliefs, personality, experiences, alive ambiance and the bearings at the time. Some leaders assignment aural one administration style. Others are added adjustable and can acclimate their appearance of administration to accommodate the needs of altered situations. Autocratic vs Participative leadership theories These theories of administration developed out of the abstraction of administration style. However, they focus actual abundant on the antithesis of adeptness amid the leader and the followers. Autocratic leaders tend to accomplish decisions and appoint them on others. They generally acquire that they are best placed to accomplish the decisions, that others should acquire their authority. Some such leaders accept assertive personality traits, such as a charge to be in ascendancy of situations. Autocratic administration is ill-fitted to assertive situations, such as emergencies or time analytical circumstances. But they dont tend to breeding added bodies or get the best after-effects from followers who are able and motivated. Participative leaders argue others and absorb them in the accommodation authoritative process. They may accomplish the final accommodation but in consulting others they are demonstrating consideration, account for others and the adeptness to listen. The acceptance abaft this access is that it tends to be accepted by followers who acknowledgment the favor by actuality loyal and committed. Participative administration additionally develops added bodies and builds abutment for the all-embracing direction, arch to a aggregate eyes and accepted goals. Participative leaders generally additionally accept a facilitative administration style. That is, they empower and animate others to booty accomplish decisions, booty activity and act with authority, commonly aural authentic boundaries. Transformational leadership Transformational administration is accurate as an administration access that causes change in individuals and amusing systems. In its ideal form, it creates admired and absolute change in the followers with the end ambition of developing followers into leaders. Enacted in its accurate form, transformational administration enhances the motivation, assurance and achievement of his followers through an array of mechanisms. These accommodate abutting the followers faculty of character and cocky to the mission and the aggregate character of the organization; actuality a role archetypal for followers that inspires them; arduous followers to booty greater buying for their work, and compassionate the potency and Achilles heel of followers, so the leader can adjust followers with tasks that optimize their performance. Surroundings Development of perception Research in the region Insinuations for managers References External links Transactional vs Transformational leadership theories Another way of attractive at administration approaches is to do with the blazon of assignment and the accord amid the leader and the follower. Transactional administration access is based on affairs or exchanges amid the leader and the follower. It assumes that the alive accord is one area the leader issues the work, praises or criticizes, rewards or punishes. The addict has little responsibility, added than accomplishing as they are required, correctly. All works able-bodied if both leader and addict backpack out their allotment in the affairs as expected. This access is added generally apparent in low accomplished jobs, area procedures are acutely authentic or area there is little change. Transformational administration access is all about change. Transformational leaders affect others to chase a vision. They actualize opportunities for bodies to appearance ability and to booty albatross for new ideas. They are generally actual extravert, absorbing and strategic. They see the big account rather than the detail. They affect abundant loyalty, accouterment they succeed. If they fail, or are apparent to be hypocritical, the followers may able-bodied become disillusioned or cynical. Transformational administration is added adapted in fast alteration situations, area bodies accept aerial levels of accomplishment and area the leader can allow to get complex in the detail. Trait theories these date a back to the alpha of the aeon and accept been decidedly resilient with analysis continuing in an attack to acquisition the abracadabra ingredients. This assignment has led to long lists of the characteristics of able leaders. The weaknesses of this access are probably already accepted to you but, in brief, the lists of characteristics are so continued that they can be found anywhere and can be inherently adverse e.g. absolute and deliberative/involving. Such theories dont explain how leaders with these characteristics e.g. Margaret Thatcher or Winston Churchill can aback move from actuality successes to failures or carnality versa. Behavioural theories the antecedent assignment in this breadth was done in the 1940s through to the 1960s. It was classically anxious with administration in baby groups but the apropos of these thinkers with administration styles accept connected to the present day Situational and accident theories cerebration of this affectionate began in the 1960s and recognized the accent of ambience in free what administration is bare and what is acceptable to be effective. Current Thinking: Unless we accept how accepted account accept developed, we abridgement an important apparatus in evaluating them. This can leave us in the easily of the airport lounge administration gurus, clumsy to distinguish amid recycled ideas, the latest fad and absolutely accessible developments in thinking and practice. This cardboard provides a abrupt arbitrary of the capital strands of administration thinking. Futuristic Approach for Leadership New Administration charismatic, visionary, transformational. The 1980s saw an improvement of thinking about administration but now in agreement of the accomplished organization and this has connected to the present day. Part of the organizational administration role can be cerebral or meaning making. In these theories leaders accomplish faculty of the complication of the ambiance and the organizations role aural it. Learning organizations and broadcast leadership. Again this is anxious with the whole organization and there are altered strands but this time the accent is on recognizing the key leadership role in creating opportunities for others to apprentice and to booty leadership. This has led relatively afresh to what ability is termed post transformational administration that looks beyond the ballsy or absorbing leader. An appraisement activity is not unavoidably developmental. Three-hundred-sixty-degree acknowledgment should not be a impartial event. In accomplishment to appraisement there allegation to be development planning and aftereffect activities. Boss abutment is analytical for the action itself, as able-bodied as for buy-in for the recipients specific adorning goals stemming from the feedback. The 360-degree acceptance activity works best if it starts with admiral at the top of an alignment and cascades bottomward throughout the organization. Shoddy administering of a 360-degree feedback process can be fatal. The timing of the action accounts for other organizational realities that could adulterate or confound its impact. Outcome It is bright that some of the aloft theories are contradictory. The notions of broadcast leadership fight with the acceptance that difficult times appeal a absorbing or transformational leader. In trying to accomplish faculty of this, I begin John Storeys abstraction accessible that there are a cardinal of enduring themes that are capital to any analytical assay of leadership: context, perceived leadership need, behavioral requirements, capabilities and development methods. Current requirement Transformational administration (TL) and affecting intelligence (EI) are apparently the two most popular angle of administration at the moment. Not that acceptance agency they are right. Indeed one of the absolute problems in the accomplished breadth of administration is the authority of the research PROPOSAL FOR MEETING THE REQUIREMETNS Showing genuine concern Genuine absorption in agents as individuals; vales their contributions; develops their strengths; coaches, mentors; has absolute expectations of what his/her agents can achieve Empowering Trusts agents to booty decisions/initiatives on important matters; delegates effectively; develops staffs potential Being attainable Approachable and not cachet conscious; prefers face-to-face communication; attainable and keeps in touch Encouraging change Encourages analytic of acceptable approaches to the job; encourages new approaches/solutions to problems; encourages strategic thinking PERSONAL QUALITIES Being cellophane Honest and constant in behavior; added anxious with the acceptable of the alignment than claimed ambition Acting with candor Open to criticism and disagreement; consults and involves others in decision making; commendations ethics as basic to the organization Being absolute Absolute back required; able to booty difficult decisions, and risks when appropriate Inspiring others Charismatic; aberrant communicator, inspires others to join him/her Resolving complex problems Capacity to accord with an advanced ambit of circuitous issues; artistic in problem solving LEADING THE ORGANIZATION Networking and achieving Inspiring advice of the eyes of the organization/service to a wide arrangement of centralized and alien stakeholders; assets the confidence and abutment of assorted groups through acuteness to needs, and by accomplishing alignment goals Focusing aggregation accomplishment Clarifies objectives and boundaries; aggregation aggressive to botheration solving and accommodation making, and to anecdotic values Building shared vision Has a bright eyes and cardinal direction, which he engages various internal and alien stakeholders in developing; draws others together in accomplishing the vision Supporting a developmental culture Supportive back mistakes are made; encourages analytical acknowledgment of him/herself and the account provided Facilitating change sensitively Sensitivity to the appulse of change on altered genitalia of the organization; maintains a antithesis amid change and stability The best accessible affection of this archetypal is the amazing complication of the attributes of administration in the UK accessible sector. What emerges is additionally of a actual altered tenor from the US new paradigm models. Typically, the US models abode a cutting accent on allure and vision; that is, on the baton as primarily acting as the role archetypal for his/her followers. One ability speculates that this is the artifact of adopting analysis methodologies, which focus alone on the angle and /or observations of top managers. In contrast, the after-effects which appear in our studies based on allurement the recipients and ultimate arbitrators of administration effectiveness, namely the agents who assignment in the accessible sector, how they perceive administration present a actual altered model. What these agents are acutely advertence is that t he best important role for the baton is what he can do for his/her staff. This is very reminiscent of the archetypal of baton as servant, which is declared in the writings of Robert Greenleaf (1970). However, administration is not alone about affair staffs needs; it is abundant more than that. The UK archetypal suggests that administration is fundamentally about agreeable others as partners in developing and accomplishing the aggregate vision, and, as such, it relates to distributed leadership. The UK abstraction of administration is additionally about creating a fertile, admiring environment for artistic thinking, for arduous assumptions about how accessible casework should be delivered. And it is about acuteness to the needs of a ambit of centralized and alien stakeholders. It is about connectedness and one ability ask, can the alarming challenges of carrying modern public casework be achieved? Another actual absolute affection of the allegation is that what emerges in the UK acce ssible sector significantly reflects aspects of the governments addition agenda, including partnership working, account staff, aiming for best practice, removing the acceptable barriers between agencies alive calm aural the community. What is auspicious is that there would appear to be a aerial amount of accordance amid what those who assignment beyond the accessible sector believe to be administration and the consort administration credo of government. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP The aggregation in the company is able to aggrandize because of their avant-garde and advantageous controlling members, according to the Marvin Wallace, Tamara Watkins and Eartha Simpson. Each being has been with the aggregation for several years. These four individuals set the date for the authoritative ability that exists actuality at Good Sport. Management as far as the leadership of Nikes is amenable for initiating new account and processes. Their added assignment is influencing advisers to acquire the changes that appear with new ideas. Authoritative ability is basically the arrangement of aggregate assumptions, values, and behavior administering the way advisers aural an alignment anticipate about and act on problems and opportunities within a aggregation anatomy with provided, (McShane,S. Von Gllnow, M. 2005). Overall the authoritative ability of Good Sport is an committal culture. The cold in a committal ability is to access a accord apropos the ethics and basal assumptions of the alignment and to aftermath constant actions. This affiliation must bring unity, predictability, and accuracy to assignment experiences. CHOICES TO MAKE: In Nike Corporation, one of the important abilities of acceptable accommodation authoritative is the adeptness to acquisition out or accurately adumbrates the after-effects of assorted choices Every being afflicted by a best is a stake-holder because they accept a pale (an attention) in that choice An acceptable space considers advanced of time how a best will affect others and devises options that abate risks of bad outcomes and access the likelihood of acceptable outcomes There is a huge allegory that cheaters accomplish and alive blessed and safe lives In fact, it has never been added chancy to bluff or lay.

Lesbian and Gay Teens Essay -- Teenagers Adolescents Homosexual Youth

Of the many emotions a gay man or woman feel, perhaps the most powerfully pervasive is fear. The fear of being found out is real enough, but the worry does not end there. There also lurks the fear of being called names, being assaulted, perhaps even killed. For adults these fears are horrible enough. For a lesbian and gay teenager, who lacks experience and life skills to cope with them, such fears can be overwhelming. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth face many problems as they realize they are homosexual. Often they don't know even one other homosexual person and feel very alone and misunderstood. They see very few role models, no one to identify with. No one knows their secrets, no one shares their pain. No one will stop others from name calling if the name calling is about homosexuality. Who would dare to speak up? No one speaks up, not in junior high and high school. College, perhaps; pride events are more easily seen then, but in high school no one speaks up. Imagine dearly loving someone else and having to keep it totally secret because if you don't you will be punished, cast out of your home by your family, not accepted by your friends, perhaps losing your job. This is the world of the lesbian and gay young person. The feelings homosexual youth face are only the beginning of the problem. As they recognize that they are different and discriminated against, they lose self esteem and become depressed. Many become suicidal and develop a feeling of extreme depression and helplessness. Homosexual youth can not speak up because of fear and misunderstanding. Not only do they face unrestricted discrimination and harassment at school, they often face similar or worse homophobia at home. Parents, unaware of their children's sexual orientation, often make cutting remarks about homosexual television characters, community members, or the orientation in general. They may not even recognize their comments, but the child is hanging on to every word, looking for at least a tiny bit of acceptance from family. Many times they find hate instead of acceptance, sometimes to the point of being kicked out of the house at age 14 or 15 when a homophobic parent does find out. This leaves them with nowhere to turn. Sometimes, what makes it so especially hard for gay teens is the very thing that protects them, their invisibility. For example, the lesbian, gay or bisexual te... ...on and independence occur then. Homosexual teen suicide, discrimination from all areas of life, and misunderstanding of homosexuality, both from the heterosexual community and from the homosexual youth who have not have access to information, would greatly reduce, or nearly disappear, if proper education was given in the schools to combat homophobia. Homosexual youth should not have to lie to hide their orientation from their parents, friends, and the rest of the community, just to stay alive. Even one teacher taking a stand for proper homosexual information in schools can make a difference. That one teacher may be the role model, one or several students needed to see to make them feel worthwhile and not suicidal. Too often though a teacher who stands up for equal rights and protection is cut down by the school administration and parents. However, even then a student may feel better that at least one person understands them and wants to fight for their rights. It can be the difference between hopelessness and a bit of hope. As more teachers, administrators, social workers, and other people speak up, the deadly silence and invisibility of homosexual youth begins to diminish.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 5

â€Å"Are you excited for Alaric to arrive tomorrow?† Matt asked. â€Å"He's bringing his researcher friend Celia, right?† Meredith kicked him in the chest. â€Å"Oof!† Matt staggered backward, knocked breathless despite the protective vest he had on. Meredith fol owed up with a roundhouse kick to Matt's side, and he fel to his knees, barely managing to raise his hands and block a straight punch to his face. â€Å"Ow!† he said. â€Å"Meredith, time-out, okay?† Meredith dropped into a graceful tiger stance, her back leg supporting her weight while her front foot rested lightly on her toes. Her face was calm, her eyes cool and watchful. She looked ready to pounce if Matt showed any sign of sudden movement. When he'd arrived to spar with Meredith – to help her keep her hunter-slayer skil s in top-notch shape – Matt had wondered why she had handed him a helmet, mouth guard, gloves, shin guards, and vest, while she wore only sleek black workout clothes. Now he knew. He hadn't even come close to hitting her, while she'd pummeled him mercilessly. Matt eased a hand up under the vest and rubbed rueful y at his side. He hoped he hadn't cracked a rib. â€Å"Ready to go again?† Meredith said, her eyebrows raised in chal enge. â€Å"Please, no, Meredith,† Matt said, raising his hands in surrender. â€Å"Let's take a break. It feels like you've been punching me for hours.† Meredith walked over to the smal fridge in the corner of her family's rec room and tossed Matt a bottle of water, then sank down next to him on the mat. â€Å"Sorry. I guess I got carried away. I've never sparred with a friend before.† Looking around as he took a long, cool drink, Matt shook his head. â€Å"I don't know how you managed to keep this place secret for so long.† The basement room had been converted into a perfect place to train: throwing stars, knives, swords, and staves of various kinds were mounted on the wal s; a punching bag hung in one corner, while a padded dummy leaned in another. The floor was lined with mats, and one wal was completely mirrored. In the middle of the opposite wal hung the fighting stave: a special weapon for battling the supernatural that had been handed down through generations of Meredith's family. It was deadly but elegant-looking, the hilt covered with jewels, the ends spiked with silver, wood, and white ash, and the needles steeped in poison. Matt eyed it warily. â€Å"Wel ,† said Meredith, looking away, â€Å"the Suarez family has always been good at keeping secrets.† She began to move through a tae kwon do form: back stance, double fist block, left front stance, reverse middle punch. She was graceful as a slim black cat in her workout gear. After a moment, Matt capped his water bottle, climbed to his feet, and began to mirror her movements. Left double front kick, left inside block, double-handed punch. He knew he was half a beat behind and felt shambling and awkward next to her, but frowned and concentrated. He'd always been a good athlete. He could do this, too. â€Å"Besides, it's not like I was bringing my prom dates down here,† Meredith offered after a cycle, half smiling. â€Å"It wasn't that hard to hide.† She watched Matt in the mirror. â€Å"No, block low with your left hand and high with your right hand, like this.† She showed him again, and he shadowed her movements. â€Å"Okay, yeah,† he said, only half concentrating on his words now, focused on the positions. â€Å"But you could have told us. We're your best friends.† He moved his left foot forward and mimicked Meredith's backward elbow blow. â€Å"At least, you could have told us after the whole thing with Klaus and Katherine,† he amended. â€Å"Before that, we would have thought you were crazy.† Meredith shrugged and dropped her hands, and Matt fol owed before he realized that the gestures weren't part of the tae kwon do form. Now they stood side by side, staring at each other in the mirror. Meredith's cool and elegant face looked pale and pinched. â€Å"I was brought up to keep my heritage as a hunterslayer a deep, dark secret,† she said. â€Å"Tel ing anybody wasn't something I could consider. Even Alaric doesn't know.† Matt turned away from Meredith's mirror image to gape at the real girl. Alaric and Meredith were practical y engaged. Matt had never been that serious with anyone – the girl he'd come closest to loving was Elena, and obviously that hadn't worked out – but he'd sort of figured that, if you committed your heart to somebody, you told them everything. â€Å"Isn't Alaric a paranormal researcher? Don't you think he would understand?† Frowning, Meredith shrugged again. â€Å"Probably,† she said, sounding irritated and dismissive, â€Å"but I don't want to be something for him to study or research, any more than I want him to freak out. But since you and the others know, I'l have to tel him.† â€Å"Hmm.† Matt rubbed his aching side again. â€Å"Is that why you're pounding on me so aggressively? Because you're worried about tel ing him?† Meredith met his eyes. The lines of her face were stil tense, but a mischievous glimmer shone in her eyes. â€Å"Aggressive?† she asked sweetly, fal ing back into the tiger stance. Matt felt an answering smile tug at the corners of his mouth. â€Å"You haven't seen anything yet.† Elena surveyed the restaurant Judith had picked with a kind of bemused horror. Beeping video game machines vied for attention with old-fashioned arcade games like Whac-AMole and Skee-Bal . Bouquets of brightly colored bal oons bobbed over every table, and a cacophony of song rose from various corners as singing waiters delivered pizza after pizza. What seemed like hundreds of children ran loose across the floor, shrieking and laughing. Stefan had walked her to the restaurant, but, eyeing the neon paint job with alarm, he'd declined to come in. â€Å"Oh, I shouldn't intrude on girls' night,† he'd said vaguely, and then disappeared so quickly Elena suspected he'd used vampiric speed. â€Å"Traitor,† she'd muttered, before warily opening the bright pink door. After their time together in the graveyard, she felt stronger and happier, but she would have liked some support here, too. â€Å"Welcome to Happytown,† chirped an unnatural y cheery hostess. â€Å"Table for one, or are you meeting a party?† Elena repressed a shudder. She couldn't imagine anyone choosing to come to a place like this by themselves. â€Å"I think I see my group now,† she said politely, catching sight of Aunt Judith waving to her from a corner. â€Å"This is your idea of a fun girls' night out, Aunt Judith?† she asked when she reached the table. â€Å"I was picturing something more like a cozy bistro.† Aunt Judith nodded toward the other side of the room. Peering over, Elena spotted Margaret, happily whacking away at toy moles with a mal et. â€Å"We're always dragging Margaret to grown-up places and expecting her to behave,† Aunt Judith explained. â€Å"I thought it was time she got a turn to do something she enjoyed. I hope Bonnie and Meredith won't mind.† â€Å"She certainly looks like she's enjoying herself,† Elena said, studying her little sister. Her memories of Margaret from the last year were of strain and anxiety: During the fal Margaret had been upset by Elena's fighting with Judith and Robert and by the mysterious happenings in Fel ‘s Church, and then, of course, devastated by Elena's death. Elena had watched her through the windows afterward and seen her sobbing. She'd suffered more than any five-yearold should, even if she didn't remember any of it now. I'll take care of you, Margaret, she promised fiercely and silently, watching the studious concentration on her sister's face as Margaret practiced a little old-fashioned carnival violence. You won't have to feel like that again in this world. â€Å"Are we waiting for Bonnie and Meredith?† Aunt Judith prompted gently. â€Å"Did you end up inviting them to join us?† â€Å"Oh,† said Elena, jarred out of her reverie. She reached for a handful of popcorn from the basket in the middle of the table. â€Å"I couldn't get ahold of Meredith, but Bonnie's coming. She'l love this.† â€Å"I absolutely, total y do love this,† a voice agreed from behind her. Elena turned to see Bonnie's silky red curls. â€Å"Especial y the expression on your face, Elena.† Bonnie's wide brown eyes were dancing with amusement. She and Elena shared a look that was ful of al the we're back, we're back, they did what they said and Fell's Church is the way it should be again that they couldn't say in front of Aunt Judith, then fel into each other's arms. Elena squeezed Bonnie tightly, and Bonnie buried her face in Elena's shoulder for a moment. Her petite body quivered slightly in Elena's arms, and Elena realized that she wasn't the only one walking a fine line between delight and devastation. They'd gained so much – but it had come at a very high price. â€Å"Actual y,† said Bonnie with careful cheer as she released Elena, â€Å"I had my ninth birthday at a place very much like this. Remember the Hokey-Pokey Gril ? That was the place to be when we were in elementary school.† Her eyes held a bright sheen that might be tears, but her chin stuck out determinedly. Bonnie, Elena thought with admiration, was going to have fun if it kil ed her. â€Å"I remember that party,† Elena said, matching Bonnie's lightness. â€Å"Your cake had a big picture of some boy band on it.† â€Å"I was mature for my age,† Bonnie told Aunt Judith merrily. â€Å"I was boy crazy way before any of my friends were.† Aunt Judith laughed and waved Margaret over toward their table. â€Å"We'd better order before the stage show starts,† she said. Elena, eyes wide, mouthed, Stage show? at Bonnie, who smirked and shrugged. â€Å"Do you girls know what you want?† Aunt Judith asked. â€Å"Do they have anything besides pizza?† Elena asked. â€Å"Chicken fingers,† answered Margaret, climbing into her chair. â€Å"And hot dogs.† Elena grinned at her sister's tousled hair and expression of delight. â€Å"What are you going to have, bunny?† she asked. â€Å"Pizza!† Margaret answered. â€Å"Pizza, pizza, pizza.† â€Å"I'l have pizza, too, then,† Elena decided. â€Å"It's the best thing here,† Margaret confided. â€Å"The hot dogs are weird-tasting.† She squirmed in her chair. â€Å"Elena, are you coming to my dance recital?† she asked. â€Å"When is it?† Elena asked. Margaret frowned. â€Å"The day after tomorrow,† she said. â€Å"You know that.† Elena glanced quickly at Bonnie, whose eyes were wide. â€Å"I wouldn't miss it for the world,† she told Margaret affectionately, and her sister nodded firmly and stood up on her chair to reach the popcorn. Under cover of Aunt Judith's scolding and the semimelodious sound of their singing waiter approaching, Bonnie and Elena exchanged a smile. Dance recitals. Singing waiters. Pizza. It was good to live in this kind of world for a change.

The types and benefits of Open distance learning

Open distance larning refers to instruction and preparation in which utilizing the learning resources, instead than go toing schoolroom Sessionss, is the cardinal characteristic of the learning experience. There are three types of unfastened distance scholars ( ODL ) : Face to face acquisition: Classroom Environment, Formal Classroom, Computer Laboratory, Science Laboratory, Number of Meetings, 5 or less meetings, 5 or more meetings, Teaching Schemes, Direct & A ; Indirect. Self managed acquisition: Specialy designed faculties with support from: – CDROM Courseware, Digital Library, Physical Library, Capable Matter Experts, Peers, Tutors. Online acquisition: Resources, Learning Objects ( iTutorials, iWeblets ) , Multimedia Courseware, PDF Documents, Microsoft Office Attachments, Digital Library, Discussions. Most of ODL are part-timers and have households. Learners will be confronting jobs in equilibrating their work and instruction because of that and is genuinely disputing for them. As debut I want to foreground about the job face by get downing on-line scholars. In the modern-day age is the ability to have an instruction 1000s of stat mis off from a schoolroom in a convenient and efficient mode. Majority of universities presents offer unfastened online larning for pupils all around the universe. Get downing on-line scholar ‘s categories might non be an ideal circumstance for every interested individual. What are the jobs faced by get downing on-line scholars really?2.0. Three chief job face by get downing on-line scholars:2.1. Lack of socialising with equals and working with your larning manner: –A traditional schoolroom state of affairs is non possible to get downing on-line scholars for acquisition. If a societal interaction were accomplishable with get downing on-line scholars, pupils might be unsure to run into with person whom they merely know from the Internet. This job with online larning would decidedly impede a kinaesthetic or haptic scholar, and if the plan does n't supply video interaction so an auditory scholar would besides non do as well.So by listening and discourse something or working with manipulatives, so get downing on-line scholars one think is non your best choice.As an coach, supervising pupil comprehension is of import otherwise pupils wo n't understand the lesson moves on and one or more pupils are left behind to seek and calculate out what they did n't catch up. Feeling behind while all others continue with the lesson will rapidly allow down their self-belief degree. Reflect on all of your options and judge what type of pupil you were in the yesteryear every bit good as what are the jobs faced by ODL in the last few old ages. Finally, you could detect an educational plan that hysterics your demands whether that is with a traditional manner instruction or an beginning online scholars instruction.2.2. Juggling life: –When asked what are the jobs faced by unfastened distance scholars, life and its ensuing complications seems to be the figure one response. Most enrolled pupils in unfastened distance acquisition are committed to their life in some other manner apart from school such as a household to care for, some facet which occupies the their clip, a mandatory full-time occupation to pay the measures. Except the pupils make a personal committedness to finish the class of survey, odds are life will happen a manner to deflect and rupture them off from carry throughing their end of go oning their instruction. Unlike traditional university pupil s who are ever in their acquisition group which supports them most of the clip, on-line scholars pupils are non. Online scholars pupil besides have a difficult clip in being independent and responsible to their ain ego. Most of the clip, no 1 would steer pupil larning procedure. Unfocused position of their acquisition ends besides will do the pupils act irresponsibly towards their acquisition. Beside that, they besides face jobs in acknowledging and get the hanging strengths and accomplishments. In on-line acquisition, engineering is the chief conduit which information and communicating flow. The pupils need to hold some basic authorship accomplishments and a go on-line appreciation of English linguistic communication. For this they must hold a computing machine with internet entree. Those looking to heighten their skill sets and capablenesss through online larning demand to fight with issues such as self-motivation, household committednesss, work life, clip direction, and other proficient activities. Balancing these issues with regular online categories, assignments, trials and tests can be ra ther disputing. Assignments and undertakings can be limited by feedback and appraisal by teachers. Developing relationships with real-world schoolmates and networking with other equals is besides restricted.2.3. No established modus operandis: –Merely like pupils in a traditional school environment, unfastened distance scholars must make a dedicated topographic point for analyzing and larning to take topographic point. Successful pupils assign to a clip to analyze and a topographic point to analyze. It is portion of set uping a modus operandi that keeps pupils stop uping in front when times get tough yet life has demands and pupils of unfastened distance larning tend to derive a false sense of freedom. Yes, you ‘re free to larn at place but the other committednesss of life are traveling on around you. Students who stop, bead, and larn do n't be given to retain as much information. Self-monitoring is non ever helpful particularly when cunctation sets in and one time the work starts stacking up there is less penchant to retrieve from that cunctation. Do non hold adequate clip, excessively many plants to be done and lazy are among other grounds given by this type of pupils in order to avoid analyzing for tests.3.0. Solutions to the stated jobs for get downing on-line scholars:3.1. Time direction: –To finish your surveies via a flexible agenda in an on-line format can be really advantageous as get downing on-line scholars. Many scholars who enroll in an on-line grade plan think that it is traveling to be easy to complete their coursework without a set category agenda to follow. Anyone who wants to win in an on-line grade plan should hold clip direction accomplishments. To do certain you devote a plenty sum of clip to your surveies, set aside specific period each hebdomad that you will give to your coursework. It ‘s besides of import to be after your f riends and household members for the fact that you will be puting aside certain times for surveies. If non they will evidently believe that you ‘re available to them because you are at place. Efficient clip direction is n't the lone challenge faced by pupils in on-line instruction plans but acquiring your agenda under control is one of the first things that every online scholar demands to make to fix to stand out in his or her categories.3.2. Introduce new classs: –Introduction of a nucleus class to cover the needed accomplishments is the most great manner to guarantee that pupils are both enthusiastic and suitably prepared for ODL. The scholars need to ease the debut of group work into an otherwise â€Å" traditional † grade model, fit group work into the semester system and to develop academic staff in their apprehension of group accomplishments and theory. Supremely, a short class for staff should be run on a regular footing and an introductory nucleus class for pupils in the first twelvemonth of the plan should be introduced. This solution enables any classs within the plan to use group acquisition, confident that the key demands and accomplishments will already be familiar to the pupils prior to the beginning of the class. Likewise, get downing on-line scholars will be cognizant that group work may organize portion of the standard acquisition procedure, and are likely to near such classs with far less nervousness than might otherwise be the instance.3.3. Skills required at the beginning of the class: –In this instance where ODL engagement in a group work of minimal two hebdomads at the start of the class should be devoted wholly to the nucleus advantages, benefits of group acquisition and the accomplishments required without any anterior formal preparation in group skills.It seems hard. However, readying of get downing on-line scholars in this manner is an indispensable demand for successful group work and someway assumes less importance when one steps out of the more usual talk, seminar and tutorial manner. Group facilitation, duties to other group members and effectual online communicating are amongst the accomplishments that should be stressed in these Sessionss. One of import accomplishment to larning online is larning to pull off your clip foremost. We have to do a hebdomadal survey agenda for the most effectual ways to maintain on top of your studying.A Make clip usefull for offline activities. Make note of these at the beginning of the class and program consequently for them to be a succesfull scholar. Follow the schemes below: ( GOAL SETTING STRATEGIES )S SpecificM MeasureableA AccomplishableR RealisticT Time-bound4.0. DecisionTaking a class or gaining a grade via online acquisition can be a worthwhile experience but requires some subject on your portion. Proper readying can take to a direct focal point on your classs. A coach ‘s counsel is important for the success of synergistic and brooding acquisition. The findings reveal that the teacher ‘s counsel reduced such jobs and that, to a certain extent, successful acquisition was achieved.A It is apparent that distance instruction pupils in the survey benefitted from this signifier of acquisition and possible to set about certain steps to minimise the jobs and to guarantee greater success in future efforts. Last but non least, squad instruction should be implemented with each teacher taking on certain function. So, when you sign up for online acquisition, do n't merely excited at the beginning but as the hebdomads advancement, motive can diminish .A When this occurs, remind yourself of the ground you enrolled in the first topographic point.

Religion vs. Nationalism Throughout the Ages essays

Religion vs. Nationalism Throughout the Ages essays Historians can never agree on anything. Whether it be debating the disappearance of the Anasazi Indians in the west or whether George Washington really did chop down the cherry tree, they always seem to leave us hanging. In the New York Times article Religion and Nationalism, Historians Trace and Unholy Alliance, four historians debate the fundamental causes of war. Most of the wars in pre-enlightenment Europe were heavily rooted in religious differences but as the world progressed, conflicts became less about religion and more about cultural difference. Historians Anthony Marx, a political science professor at Amherst College, and Linda Colley, a historian at the London School of Economics believe that nationalism begins with an act of demonizing a religious other. Pre-enlightenment Europe was a very turbulent time in the continents history. Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants not were not only happening in the streets but between the governments as well. The clash between Henry VIII and the Catholic church where Henry wanted an annulment and the Catholic church didnt want to compromise its power demonstrated how demonizing religious others can bring a country together. The same goes for the French Wars on Religion. The St. Bartholomews Day Massacre is the quintessential clash between Protestants and Catholics not only in the streets but also between members of the royal family. The Edict of Nantes, granting Protestants freedom of religion in France is by far the quintessential law granting religious freedom in France. Historians Eugene Webber, a professor at the University of California at Los Angeles, and David Bell argue, Early modern states were fundamentally different...entities in which the sense of a nation had not yet been firmly established. However, most countries masked their political conflict with that of religion. This statement encapsulates t...

chp 7 quiz questions Essay Example

chp 7 quiz questions Essay Example chp 7 quiz questions Paper chp 7 quiz questions Paper Essay Topic: Literature After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of permastore. memory illusion. amnesia. dà ©j vu. memory illusion A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that all explicit and implicit memories are stored in the hippocampus. memory illusions are evidence of serious memory problems such as Alzheimers disease or amnesia. the passage of time has little or no effect on the accuracy of our memories. we actively reconstruct our memories using the cues and information available to us. we actively reconstruct our memories. You watch LeShon wave his 4th of July sparkler as he runs. As you watch the light, you notice a circle of light rather than just a single point of light. This effect demonstrates the functioning of your echoic memory. flashbulb memory. iconic memory. short-term memory. iconic memory After you finish reading this sentence, the information will remain in your ________ as you consider each of the answers below. photographic memory short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory short-term memory Kira is jogging down the street listening to her portable music player. Abruptly, her batteries die and the music stops. Which of the following accounts for her ability to still hear the last part of the song that was playing? Eidetic imagery Short-term memory Echoic memory Iconic memory echoic memory While driving her children, Adrianas car broke down. She called her husband on the cell phone for the number of a towing company. If the childrens behavior prevents her from repeating the number to herself, most likely Adriana will need to dial the phone number within the next __________ or she will forget the number. 15 seconds minute 2 seconds 45 seconds 15 seconds Shanna has a quiz covering research methods for both her biology and psychology classes. As she studies, she is continually getting information confused between the classes. The resulting memory loss is explained by retrieval failure. serial position effects. interference. distortion interference Which of the following best illustrates retroactive interference? Susie struggles to learn how to play the violin, after playing the guitar for many years. Chet struggles to learn the names of the new players he added to his fantasy baseball roster. Coach Todd calls one of her old softball players the name of one of her new players. Professor Jones struggles to learn the names of his new students after teaching for many years prior. coach todd calls one of her old softball players the name of her new players In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of decay. blocking. proactive interference. retroactive interference. proactive interference The Magic Number of short-term memory is fifteen plus or minus two. seven plus or minus two. nine plus or minus two. seven plus or minus three. seven plus or minus two Liv has just seen a commercial advertising a fancy kind of make-up that she would like to buy. She does not have a pen or a piece of paper to write down the telephone number, so she repeats to herself over and over again while she runs into the kitchen to find the telephone. Liv is currently using the process of ________ rehearsal to keep the telephone number active in her short-term memory. distributed semantic maintenance elaborative maintenance According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from the end of the list. from early in the list. that are most distinctive. in the middle of the list. from early in the list Which two types of memories are both considered to be part of explicit memory? semantic and episodic reconstructive and recalled semantic and procedural conceptual and schematic semantic and episodic Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as the method of loci. the pegword method. an acronym. the keyword method. the method of loci Although you have never taken a class with Dr. Hua, you walk into class, sit down, open your notebook, and wait for the professor to begin his lecture. What concept is being illustrated? Schema Priming Storage Primacy effec schema Who is engaging in distributed practice? Geoff, who has been studying an hour a night over the last three weeks for his anatomy final Kris, who made flash cards last night for his psychology final today Angela, who just read through her notes on the way to take her algebra final Alan, who pulled an all-nighter to get ready for his biology final geoff, who has been studying Which of the following is the best example of chunking? Andrea creates a sentence using all of her vocabulary words. Caroline uses the first letter of each of her vocabulary words and spells out the word, butterfly to help her remember. Cedric is able to remember all of the names of the kids in his class. Katie writes down an example for each of her vocabulary words. andrea creates a sentence using all of her vocabulary words Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a live line-up, most witnesses will refuse to answer and ask to leave the police station. will be accurate and inform the police that the person is NOT present. will be inaccurate and select the person who most closely resembles the real criminal. None of the above will be inaccurate and select Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of ________ memory. implicit explicit eidetic episodic implicit Following a car accident, Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia. Joan cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Jane cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Joan suffers from __________ amnesia and Jane from __________ amnesia. proactive; retroactive retroactive; proactive anterograde; retrograde retrograde; anterograde retrograde;anterograde There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For instance, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know, you are using levels of processing. elaborative rehearsal. distributed study. a mnemonic device. elaborative rehearsal Which mental phenomenon can be defined as the retention of information over time? Knowledge Understanding Memory Thinking memory Which of the following is NOT one of the three major processes of memory? Long term Storage Encoding Retrieval long term We can use mnemonics to help us ________ information we want to retain in our memories. encode retrieve store comprehend encode Most people cant accurately remember anything they experienced in their earliest years. This phenomenon is known as retrograde amnesia. juvenile amnesia. anterograde amnesia. infantile amnesia. infantile amnesia When we arent sure where a memory really came from (Did it really happen? Or was it a dream?) we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called cryptomnesia. initial recollection. considered recollection. source monitoring. source monitoring Over time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term for this is comprehension. meta-memory. habituation. learning meta-memory Brains of people with Alzheimers contain senile plaques and ________, abnormalities that contribute to both synapse loss and the death of hippocampus and cerebral cortex cells. amygdala cells beta-adrenergic receptors propranolol neurofibrillary tangles neurofibrillary tangles A memory that is actually false but feels real and can be triggered by, for instance, looking at a list of associated words, is called a(n) representative heuristic. memory illusion. active reconstruction. paradoxical memory. memory illusion First observed in the hippocampus of rabbits in 1966, ________ refers to how repetitive stimulation of neurons over time will gradually strengthen connections among the neurons involved. glutamate pathways long-term potentiation engram assemblies retrospective bias long term potentiation What type of graph would be used to illustrate the primacy and recency effects? Ebbinghaus curve Histogram Enneagram Serial position curve serial position curve A group of students were told they were being given the drug ________ before taking the SAT while another group was told they were taking a dummy pill. Their unaffected SAT scores coupled with their very different perceptions of mental functioning and alertness suggested that the placebo effect was at work. Provigil Adderall Ritalin Modafinil ritalin Scientists devise ________ in order to ensure that the memories elicited in their false-memory-implantation experiments are actually false. cryptomnesia proofs plausibility estimates statistical estimates existence proofs existence proofs A researcher named Mitchell asked participants in a laboratory study to view 100 line drawings for a few seconds. They were able to identify the drawings at better-than-chance rates ________ later. 30 days moments 12 months 17 years 17 years The number of digits a person can remember is called the Magic Number. At about the age of 12, a childs memory is usually sufficient for a Magic Number of _______ (plus or minus 2). 3 9 7 11 7 Studies have shown the students perform slightly better on exams if they are tested in the same room where they learned the material. This is evidence for state-dependent learning. context-dependent learning. encoding specificity. retrospective bias. context dependent learning To demonstrate the ________ effect, Loftus and Palmer used a variety of words like hit, collided, or smashed to elicit very different estimates from study participants about the speed of vehicles involved in a traffic accident. reportage plausibility eyewitness testimony misinformation misinformation Alzheimers disease accounts for only ________ percent of cases of dementia. 60 to 75 25 to 35 50 to 60 10 to 20 50 to 60 Which of the following is more highly correlated with memory span in children? Age Shoe size Intelligence Position shoe size The remembering method that associates rhymes to a list of words in a particular order is called the keyword method. schema method. method of loci. pegword method. pegwood method The type of sensory memory that is used for visual stimuli, such as television or movies, is called iconic memory. super short-term memory. reconstructed memory. implicit memory. iconic memory The fact that people usually correctly remember where they were when they learned of the September 11th attacks but are less exact about what they were doing or who told them, leads researchers to believe that ________, while not completely reliable, contain substantial kernels of accuracy. flashbulb memories source monitoring initial recollection recovered memories flashbulb memories Which of the following describes the term schema? Process of getting information into our memory banks Process of keeping information in memory Organized knowledge structure or mental model that weve stored in memory A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall organized knowledge structure Memory is NOT always accurate because memories tend to be actively reconstructed. unintentionally recorded. passively reproduced. deliberately deceptive. actively reconstructed In the 1920s, Karl Lashley hoped to discover the ______, the actual physical trace of a memory in the brain. He later concluded that memories are not stored this way. assembly postsynaptic receptors hippocampus engram engram

Donald Trump Biography

Donald Trump Biography Donald Trump is a wealthy businessman, entertainer, real estate developer and president-elect of the United States  whose political aspirations made him one of the most polarizing and controversial figures of the 2016  election. Trump ended up winning the election  against all odds, defeating Democrat Hillary Clinton, and took office on Jan. 20, 2017. Trumps candidacy for the White House began amid the largest field of presidential hopefuls in 100 years and was quickly dismissed as a lark. But he won primary after primary and quickly became the most unlikely presidential front-runner in modern political history, vexing the pundit class and his opponents alike. Presidential Campaign of 2016 Trump announced he was seeking the Republican presidential nomination on June 16, 2015. His speech was mostly negative and touched on themes such as illegal immigration, terrorism and the loss of jobs that would resonate throughout his campaign over the course of the election cycle.   The darkest lines of Trumps speech include: The U.S. has become a dumping ground for everybody else’s problems.Our country is in serious trouble. We don’t have victories anymore. We used to have victories, but we don’t have them.When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best. They’re not sending you. They’re not sending you. They’re sending people that have lots of problems, and they’re bringing those problems with us. They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.Sadly, the American dream is dead. Trump largely funded the campaign himself. He was criticized by many leading conservatives who questioned whether he was really a Republican. In fact,  Trump had been registered as a Democrat for more than eight years in the 2000s. And he contributed money to the campaigns of Bill and Hillary Clinton.   Trump  flirted with the idea of running for president in 2012, too, and was leading that years field of Republican White House hopefuls until he polls showed his popularity sinking and he decided against launching a campaign. Trump made headlines when he paid private investigators to travel to Hawaii to search for President Barack Obamas birth certificate amid the height of the birther movement, which questioned his eligibility to serve in the White House. Where Donald Trump Lives Trumps home address is 725 Fifth Avenue in New York City, according to a statement of candidacy he filed with the Federal Election Commission in 2015. The address is the location of Trump Tower, a 68-story residential and commercial building in Manhattan. Trump lives on the top three floors of the building. He owns several other residential properties, however. How Donald Trump Makes His Money Trump runs dozens of companies and serves of numerous corporate boards, according to a personal financial disclosure he filed with the U.S. Office of Government Ethics when he ran for president.  He has said he is worth as much as $10 billion, though critics have suggested he is worth much less.   And four of Trumps companies sought Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection over the years. They include the  Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey;  Trump Plaza in Atlantic City;  Trump Hotels and Casinos Resorts;  and Trump Entertainment Resorts. Donald Trumps bankruptcy was his way of using the law  to save those companies. â€Å"Because I have used the laws of this country just like the greatest people that you read about every day in business have used the laws of this country, the chapter laws, to do a great job for my company, my employees, myself and my family,† Trump said at a debate in 2015. Trump has disclosed tens of millions of dollars in earnings from: Residential and commercial real estate ventures, his most lucrative occupation.  Operating the Trump National Golf Club, which maintains 17 golf courses and golf resorts across the world including those in Scotland, Ireland, Dubai.Running the Mar-A-Lago Club resort in Palm Beach, Florida.Owning the Miss Universe pageant, from which he reported $3.4 million in income.Operating restaurants.Operating an ice skating rink in New York City, for which he listed $8.7 million in income.Speaking engagements, some of which bring in $450,000.A pension from the Screen Actors Guild that pays him $110,228 a year, from his roles in movies on television dating back to  The Jeffersons in 1981. Trump also appeared in Zoolander and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.His appearances on the reality television show  The Apprentice  and Celebrity Apprentice, which paid him $214 million over 11 years, the campaign said. Books By Donald Trump Trump has written at least 15 books about business and golf. The most widely read and successful of his books is The Art of the Deal, published in 1987 by Random House. Trump receives annual royalties valued between $15,001 and $50,000 from sales of the book, according to federal records. He also receives $50,000 and $100,000 in income a year from sales of  Time to Get Tough, published in 2011 by Regnery Publishing. Trumps other books include: Trump: Surviving at the Top, published in 1990 by Random HouseThe Art of the Comeback, published in 1997 by Random HouseThe America We Deserve, published in 2000 by Renaissance BooksHow to Get Rich, published in 2004 by Random HouseThink Like a Billionaire, published in 2004 by Random HouseThe Way to the Top, published in 2004 by Bill Adler BooksThe Best Real Estate Advice I Ever Received, published in 2005 by Thomas Nelson Inc.  The Best Golf Advice I Ever Received, published in 2005 by Random HouseThink Big and Kick Ass, published in 2007 by HarperCollins PublishersTrump 101: The Way to Success, published in 2007 by John Wiley SonsWhy We Want You to Be Rich, published in 2008 by Plata PublishingNever Give Up, published in 2008 by  John Wiley SonsThink Like a Champion, published in 2009 by Vanguard Press Education Trump earned a bachelors degree in economics from the prestigious Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Trump graduated from the university in 1968. He had previously attended Fordham University in New York City. As a child, he went to school at the New York Military Academy. Personal Life Trump was born in the New York City borough of Queens, New York,  to  Frederick C. and Mary MacLeod Trump  on June 14, 1946. Trump is one of five children. He has said he learned much of his business acumen from his father. I started off in a small office with my father in Brooklyn and Queens, and my father said - and I love my father. I learned so much. He was a great negotiator. I learned so much just sitting at his feet playing with blocks listening to him negotiate with subcontractors, Trump said in 2015. Trump has been married to Melania Knauss since January 2005. Trump was married twice before, and both relationships ended in divorce. Trumps first marriage, to  Ivana Marie Zelnà ­Ã„ kov, lasted about 15 years before the couple divorced in March 1992. His second marriage, to  Marla Maples, an lasted less than six years before the couple divorced in June 1999. Trump has five children. They are: Donald Trump Jr. with first wife Ivana.Eric Trump  with first wife Ivana.Ivanka Trump  with first wife Ivana.Tiffany Trump with second wife Marla.Barron Trump with third wife Melania.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Law - Essay Example The social control theory can fit this scenario. This theory tries to explain why people do not engage in criminal activities. Being close to other members of the social group can make someone not to become a criminal. This is because people who belong to the same social group may find solutions that affect them in their daily routine. They may also have some conventional rules that can ensure they live together in harmony. This theory is applicable to this scenario since workers belong to the same social group and therefore they know what they need to do in order to avoid crimes. The state senator that is a go between the workers do divide them has his agenda that may not concur with their rights. He thinks that dividing them would establish a good condition for the workers but in the real sense, it does not . An implication of the theory is that it was intended to create harmony in the society given that the conditions were fulfilled. When the senator assures the donors that their work will not be interfered with by the union workers gives them the go-ahead to do what they want with the workers. The donors who are the major investors may turn up to humiliate the workers in what may be termed as the modern slavery. This is because the workers will have no one to give their complaints. They may end up doing a lot of work in very poor conditions. Their work may also be not compensated with a good wage. This kind of crime that the senator commits towards the labor sector deserves a lengthy punishment.

Money Laundering and Corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Money Laundering and Corruption - Essay Example The government and various financial institutions have made significant efforts of preventing and detecting and fraud issues. This is  when making transactions issues that involve dirty money. Corruption is a moral impunity that involves embezzlement of funds and bribery issues. The government employs operational issues such as use of the FATF for investing corruption and conducting money laundering as well as asset tracing investigations. The Risks Posed By Money Laundering and Corruption to the Global Financial System and International Business Money laundry and corruption pose varied risks towards global financial system and international business. Laundering of money and corruption are interrelated because they both pose risks to customers  and their  products or transaction made and also impose risk to geographical risk factors in varied ways. There are many highlighted cases that have posed risks to many economies across the globe. Therefore, FATF has made considerable ef forts of preventing money laundering and corruption. Therefore, their independent organization have implemented anti monetary laundry and combating terrorist financing activities in order to reduce the risks that may arise from these threats. Understanding risk posed by these threats is significant. This is because it enables the government to provide recommendation for a  reporting entity  to implement  the risk  management systems and assess the level of enhanced due diligence (EDD) in order to reduce risks. Customer Risk Factors Money laundry and corruption issues expose political people and other public official to risks. The measures employed in money laundry are intended to encourage entities to report risk sensitive issues existing in the entity or exposing politically persons to high-risk to customers. The politically exposed persons (PEPs) status does not reveal that a person is corrupt or incriminated for being corrupt, but it reveals the potential risks money laun dering contribute to customers and their transaction process. The risk that corrupt PEP poses to the financial system is seen as one way of putting customers under risk especially when they are making transactions (Karsten 2003, p.15). Business relationships with PEPs contribute to increased customer risks because of increased possibility that an individual is holding. For instance, politicians may misuse authority by influencing their personal gain with an aim of achieving their own advantage. Moreover, the nature of the position may lead to customer risk factors. Someone holding a position in a certain office may have a substantial opportunity and authority of assessing the funds or assets of the state. He or she can take control over the government resources including setting money for combating terrorism issues and other activities; thus exposing customers to greater risks. For instance, the court case of Nicolau Dos Santos Neto, the ex-president of Brazil is one of the incidenc es that reveal the corruption nature of PEPs (FATF Report 2012, p.14). The actual corruption vulnerability may vary depending  upon the extent to which they exercise authority in the hierarchy. It is significant to recognize that not all PEPs cause risks to customers.