Maxine Hong Kingston By Maxine Kong - 1199 Words

Maxine Hong Kingston prides herself on her personal strength and character, as well as the ability she developed to assert herself into a culture that is not accepting of her differences. As the daughter of Chinese immigrants living in the US, she was tasked with living a double life, straddling the line between her traditional Chinese upbringing and the environment outside of her home in 1960’s California. She was in many ways a perfectly normal and intelligent child. Through her writing she is able to describe complex interactions from her childhood, detailing her reasoning and understanding of the world. Despite this cleverness and flexibility, she begins her account by describing herself as voiceless, seemingly dumb, and explains how it was that she failed kindergarten. Through this story we get a view of how an intelligent young person might experience difficulties caused by cultural differences, a unique perspective from a first generation American. In this excerpt fro m Woman Warrior, Kingston recounts her experiences as a young person without a voice. Her struggle is deepened by the culturally engrained xenophobia and misogyny that existed in her diverse neighborhood, as well as pressures and extreme obstacles thrown at her by her own mother. The child whom Kingston describes goes through continuous growth in finding her own identity and strength in character, but it is clear that she still carries the fear and pain created by her uniquely difficultShow MoreRelatedThe Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel The Woman Warrior Maxine Hong Kingston uses ghosts to represent a battle between American and Chinese cultures. The two cultures have different views of what a ghost is. The Chinese believe the ghost spirits may be of people dead or alive. Chinese culture recognizes foreigners and unfamiliar people as ghosts because, like American ghosts, they are mysterious creatures of the unknown. Americans view ghosts as spirits of the dead that either help or haunt people. American ghosts mayRead MoreEssay on Chinese and American Ghosts (Woman Warrior)1220 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel The Woman Warrior Maxine Hong Kingston uses ghosts to represent a battle between American and Chinese cultures. The two cultures have different views of what a ghost is. The Chinese believe the ghost spirits may be of people dead or alive. Chinese culture recognizes foreigners and unfamiliar people as ghosts because, like American ghosts, they are mysterious creatures of the unknown. Americans view ghosts as spirits of the dead that either help or haunt people. American ghosts mayRead MoreThe Western Place By Maxine Hong Kingston899 Words   |  4 PagesWhen Two Different Worlds Collide Throughout the book, â€Å"The Western Place† , by Maxine Hong Kingston, there is a differential gap between the two sisters who come from two different sides of the world. A lot of differences between the two sisters and their personal lifestyles comes from one sister living in America as a Chinese-American and the other sister living in China. In the story Brave Orchid who is the sister that is brave, outspoken, and sometimes cruel sees life as a bundle of opportunitiesRead MoreGender Roles in Sandra Cisneros and Maxine Hong Kingstons Books697 Words   |  3 PagesSandra Cisneros and Maxine Hong Kingston: Gender roles Feminism is often spoken of in generic terms, but the novels of the Hispanic-American author Sandra Cisneros and the Chinese-American Maxine Hong Kingston highlight how, even though the oppression of women may be a nearly universal construct, this oppression inevitably takes on very particular forms, depending upon the social, national, and political context of the authors. The authors collective works highlight the struggle of women from historically-discriminatedRead MoreDescriptive paragraph992 Words   |  4 Pages habits. The following paragraph opens the third chapter of Maxine Hong Kingstons The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts (Knopf, 1976), a lyrical account of a Chinese-American girl growing up in California. Notice how Kingston integrates informative and descriptive details in this account of the metal tube that holds her mothers diploma from medical school. 4) The Magic Metal Tube by Maxine Hong Kingston Once in a long while, four times so far for me, my mother bringsRead More Mother-Daughter Conflict in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay2944 Words   |  12 Pagesshould live its life (Liu Wu-Chi). Both Tan and Maxine Hong Kingston recognize the difficulties faced by women in such a regimented society. Kingston in The Woman Warrior tells of the folk sayings that proclaimed the worthlessness of women, such as [t]here’s not profit in raising girls. Better to raise geese than girls, or [w]hen fishing for treasures in the flood, be careful not to pull in girls (195,6). According to Anne P. Standley, Kingston tells of her lifelong struggle to fashion an identityRead More Alice Walkers In Love and Trouble Essay2326 Words   |  10 Pagescannot say that Walker’s characters are represented by all women. Apart from black women, there are also other cultural groups that suffer the similar plight as Walker’s characters, such as Chinese-American women, mainland Chinese women in Hong Kong, and so on. I will use the case of Chinese-American women as an example to justify my point. According to Hui, ethnic minority groups, women in particular, are often considered inferior in Western societies, particularly the United States. SheRead More The Search for Identity in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay3982 Words   |  16 Pageswant to be American. It is in the daughters stories that we identify the generational and cultural conflict that they experience. By telling the stories of both mothers and daughters, Tan initially seems to solve what Linda Hunt, examining Maxine Hong Kingston, describes as a basic problem for a Chinese-American woman: being simultaneously insider (a person who identifies strongly with her cultural group) and outsider (deviant and rebel against tradition), she cannot figure out from which perspective

The Problem Of Drug And Alcohol Addiction - 1084 Words

These signs could contribute to the broad picture. Other signs or symptoms may include slurred speech, coordination problems, impaired cognition function, short and frequent disappearances from the work place, often tardiness or poorly explained absences and wanting to be alone when opening a narcotic cabinet, as well as lack of witnesses to verify unused narcotic wasting protocols (Nurses and drug Addiction). It is a great idea to have a policy set in place to provide employees with support and treatment that may have been identified in this growing problem. Drug and Alcohol addiction is a disease and is covered by the American Disability Act of 1990. (AJN). Assistance programs, education as well as further research in this area are†¦show more content†¦But that is where the problem seems to take off. Nurses have easy access to the paraphernalia. After all most nurses that are addicted think these medications are FDA approved, so no need to worry like as if someone from th e street corner may be getting overdosed on a dirty batch of heroin. Then once a nurse starts to experience and learn the dark but yet beautiful side of opiates. They may think of them as dangerous but misunderstood at the same time. There are a combination of contributing factors that tend to lead nurses down the dark mysterious road of addiction. Nursing is not an easy career to get into. Late nights studying for the test that could make you do a semester of school all over again, crying all day because the stress of two lousy points could keep you from walking across the stage of success. Let us not forget all of our former class mates that just drop out because it was too tough to continue. Yes this is my dream job to me as it has turned my family’s life around. But for others is has become a nightmare and a sort of mental prison. The American Journal of Nursing has identified the top three triggers that could set someone over the edge. Critical Care Nurses/workers. These nurses tend be under extreme pressure both mentally and physically. Always faced with life and death more frequent in a daily routine. Working night

Television Censorship Essay Example For Students

Television Censorship Essay Television CensorshipWHAT IS CENSORSHIP?Censorship is the supervision and control of the information and ideasthat are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times,censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films,television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media forthe purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable oroffensive. The objectionable material may be considered immoral or obscene,heretical or blasphemous, seditious or treasonable, or injurious to the nationalsecurity. Thus, the rationale for censorship is that it is necessary for theprotection of three basic social institutions: the family, the church, and thestate. Censorship and the ideology supporting it go back to ancient times. Everysociety has had customs, taboos, or laws by which speech, play, dress, religiousobservance, and sexual expression were regulated(Microsoft Encarta 95).CENSORSHIP OF OBSCENITYThe beginning of a new legal approach may be traced to the action of thefederal courts in the 1930s, when they held that Irish author James JoycesUlysses was not obscene and could be freely passed through customs. The courtsruled that the use of dirty words in a sincere and honest book did not makethe book dirty. Since the 1950s many obscenity cases involving books,magazines, and film have been brought before the Supreme Court. In the casesduring the 1970s the court ruled that laws against obscenity must be limited to works which, taken as a whole, appeal to the prurient interest in sex; whichportray sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; and which, taken as a whole,do not have serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. TheCourt has further held that obscenity should be determined by applyingcontemporary community standards rather than national standards (MicrosoftEncarta 95).WHO DOES TELEVISION CENSORSHIP EFFECT?CENSORSHIP AFFECTS MINORS AND ADULTSDoes censorship affect both minors and adults? One incident in Ohio leda mother of a 5 year old boy to believe so. The boys mother attributed hisactions to the influence of the popular MTV cartoon show Beavis and Butthead. In response to watching this cartoon the boy set his house on fire which killedhis younger sister. In response to criticism about the shows violence andappeal to younger viewers, MTV moved the cartoon to a later time slot, toprevent young children from viewing it (Microsoft Internet Explorer). In another incident a teen-aged boy was killed and two others seriouslyinjured while lying down along the centerline of a highway. The boys wereimitating a scene from the movie The Program. The accident and the publicitythat followed prompted Touchstone films to remove the scene from the movie, butleaving many other violent scenes, including one in which a student purposelysmashes his head through a car window (Microsoft Internet Explorer). I also believe that not only children but perhaps an impressionableadult for whatever reason could feel moved to commit these same acts ofviolence that are portrayed on uncensored movies and television. Many of thesemovies contain countless instances of torture and unnatural suffering, masskillings and ethnic persecution. Some of these same crimes are being committedas we speak by minors and adults all over the world. Who is to say that peopleare not influenced by viewing a movie that lacked proper censorship?WHAT ARE SOME OF THE GUIDELINES THAT GOVERN TELEVISION CENSORSHIP?FILM INDUSTRY GUIDELINESOne US industry, the film industry has for many years practiced a formof self-censorship. In the 1920s, responding to public demands for strongcontrols, the Motion Picture Association of America imposed on its constituentsa Production Act; compliance with its standards gave a movie a seal of approval. .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 , .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .postImageUrl , .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 , .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70:hover , .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70:visited , .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70:active { border:0!important; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70:active , .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70 .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf22af0fac2fad2e2d7fa057653552a70:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How I think Cheating from others is a bad idea? EssayA system of film classification was begun in 1968 and has been revised severaltimes since then. Films are given ratings, as follows: G (general audiences),PG (Parental Guidance advised), PG-13 (may not be suitable for pre-teens), R(persons under age 17 not admitted unless accompanied by parent or adultguardian), and NC-17 (persons under age 17 not admitted, replaced the X ratingin 1990) (Microsoft Encarta 95)TELEVISION AND RADIO GUIDELINESFor the television and radio industries the Federal CommunicationsCommission (FCC) has generally established vague rules about program contentcontaining an implied threat that a license can be revoked for repeated poorjudgment involving program content. In 1987 the FCC responded to publiccomplaints by adopting measures to restrict the use of explicit language aboutsex and bodily functions from the broadcasting media. Another code, designed bythe National Association of Broadcasters, is voluntarily adhered to by stationoperators. The major networks also have their own self-regulating system. TheColumbia Broadcasting System (CBS), for example, has a staff of people whoreview scripts and watch everything that is aired on CBS-TV, includingcommercials; every contract with a producer provides that the project is subjectto approval under this system (Microsoft Encarta 95).PRIVATE ACTION GROUP GUIDELINESIn the US, many different private groups attempt to influence radio andtelevision and broadcasters and other communication media to suppress materialthat they consider objectionable. Religious, ethnic, and racial groups havetried to prevent plays, movies and television pro grams from being presentedbecause of elements they deem offensive.One private group, the American Civil Liberties Union, promotes theopen flow of all types of information in the belief that individuals should havefree access and opportunities for the exercise of their personal discretion andthat no group should limit the availability of the resources from which suchchoices are made (Microsoft Encarta 95).TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPETITION AND DEREGULATION ACT OF 1995THE GOALSThis Act is intended to establish a national policy framework designedto accelerate rapidly the private sector deployment of advancedtelecommunications and information technologies and services to all Americans byopening all telecommunications markets to competition, and to meet the followinggoals:1) To promote and encourage advanced telecommunications networks, capableof enabling users to originate and receive affordable, high-quality voice, data,image, graphic, and video telecommunications services. 2) To improve international competitiveness markedly. 3) To spur economic growth, create jobs, and increase productivity. 4) To deliver a better quality of life through the preservation andadvancement of universal service to allow the more efficient delivery ofeducational, health care, and other social services (Telecommunications Bill1995, Internet).THE FINDINGSThe Congress makes the following findings:Competition, not regulation, is the best way to spur innovation and thedevelopment of new services. A competitive market place is the most efficientway to lower prices and increase value for consumers. In furthering theprinciple of open and full competition in all telecommunications markets,however, it must be recognized that some markets are more open than others.More competitive American telecommunications markets will promote UnitedStates technological advances, domestic job and investment opportunities,national competitiveness (Telecommunication Bill of 1995, Internet)VIEWERS HAVE OPTION TO WATCH VIOLENCE ON TELEVISIONOne Associate Night Editor, Daniel C. Stevenson, wrote a column called,Viewers Have Option To Watch Violence On Television. In this column, hestates, It should not be the responsibility of the government to decide what isgood and bad for viewers, it should be the responsibility of the viewersthemselves. A film or book that is vulgar or horrifying to one person might beseen as beautiful art or entertainment to another. Such value judgments shouldbe left up to each person, not formulated by the government. Any kind ofgovernment control that seeks to expose children only to good events andactions is a violation of an important freedomthe freedom to see both sides ofan event, to observe both good and bad (Microsoft Internet Explorer).Another viewpoint is that of Pat Paulsen, TV personality, on January 7,1968. He states, Many people feel that censorship is a violation of Freedom ofSpeechBull FeathersCensorship is NOT unconstitutional. Censors have the rightto censor what you hear. Without censorship of television, how else can you,the American public, have the protecti on you want from vulgar scenes, over-exposed bodies and all the other sights you like to seeWithout the censors wewould all be at the mercy of the warped minds of the television industry andDeity only knows what you would see, probably some of the most foul, nasty,disgusting, vulgar, funniest, greatest stuff in the world (Microsoft InternetExplorer).CENSORSHIP OF TELEVISON VIEWPOINTSSHOULD TELEVISION SHOWS BE CENSORED?One private individual, Mitchell Gene Zaninelli states, I will startwith the censorship of television. The government of the United States ofAmerica has been getting very involved in what they think is appropriate to beon television. I want to know why they get to decide what I want to watch. Ifeel that it should be a persons choice. They say they are concerned with whatchildren are viewing, or that some things such as nudity and swear words offendpeople. Parents should monitor what their children watch. If a parent does notwant their child to see something in particu lar, then it is the parentsresponsibility to see that they do not, not the governments (Microsoft InternetExplorer).What do you think? Should our government continue to enforce televisionand film censorship as it has been? Or should all forms of censorship beabolished completely?THE PURPOSEIt is the purpose of this Act to increase competition in alltelecommunications markets and provide for an orderly transition from regulatedmarkets to competitive and deregulated telecommunications markets consistentwith the public interest, convenience, and necessity (Telecommunications Bill of1995, Internet).

Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it

The â€Å"Developing the European Dimension in Sport† has been identified as the first policy issued by the Commission with concentrating on Sport-related issues after the implementation of the â€Å"White Paper†, which gives the EU a mandate to support, coordinate and supplement sport policy measures taken by Member States (European Commission 2011a:2).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Communication comprises the societal role of sport, the economic dimension of sport, and the organization of sport in the EU region. The current paper is an attempt to analyze the rationale of the policy, political ideologies influencing it, its strengths and weaknesses, and contradictory issues. The rationale for the policy The main rationale of the policy is to solve the challenges posed by sports which cannot be addres sed by the member states at individual levels. Assumption Because there is lack of adequate, accurate, sound, and comparable information and data on sports for the EU member states, assumption on reliability on available data has been made (European Commission 2011: 15). Related Themes and the societal role of sport There has been a joint need to fight against doping which has been an important sports threat. In the recent past and even currently, there have been media reports on cases related to use of doping substances by amateurs athletes (European Commission 2011a:4). This poses severe public health hazards and hence the need to fight doping exercise or initiate preventive actions. In most cases, doping sanctions and doping prevention actions are withheld by the member states and the sports organizations. The new Commission supports the role played by the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA), the need to fight against doping, UNESCO, the Council of Europe, National Anti-Doping Organi zations (NADOs) and accredited laboratories (European Commission 2011a:4). The Commission is supporting the need by the EU member states to adopt and apply the national anti-doping action plans. Through Article 16 TFEU, the member states will be in a position to increase their competence and deal with the doping problems. One of the major attributes of the Commission is to encourage EU member states to introduce the provisions contained in the criminal law (European Commission 2011a:4) In addition, the Commission fully supports the formation of transnational anti-doping networks which focuses on preventive measures that target fitness, all sports, and amateur sports.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to European Commission (2011a:5), â€Å"spectator violence and disorder remain a Europe-wide phenomenon and there is a need for a European approach comprising measure s designed to reduce the associated risk.† The implication made is that there have been several incidences of spectator violence in Europe and through the policy, the capacity of fighting and preventing intolerance and sports violence will be stepped up. As a result, the adopted measures will assist in reducing the associated risks as well as providing the citizens with high levels of safety. To prevent other sports indiscipline behaviours, different stakeholders will collaborate with police services, public authorities, sports organizations, and judicial authorities and the supporters’ organizations. Based on a report by the EU Fundamental Rights Agency, intolerances like xenophobia and racism are major threats to the European sports even at the armature levels. Therefore, the new policy encourages different member states to meet these standards. The Commission supports the implementation of activities and mechanisms which would aim at fighting against issues like homo phobia, xenophobia, and racism among other intolerance issues in sports (Europa 2011). Health Although sport is a leisure activity, obesity and overweight cases remain high in Europe. As a result, there is need for physical activity which positively influences health of individual in the modern society and can be used with the aim reducing obesity and the overweight cases and related diseases. Basically, sports have been regarded as a major factor that improves the health welfare of people in the society (Europa 2011). The EU physical policy guidelines endorsed in 2008 by the EU sports minster, recommend on how the practices and the policies can be carried at EU, national and even at the local levels. This would promote sports to be part of physical activity and at the same time be a leisure activity. From a health perspective, physical activity and health are closely interrelated in such a way that the White Paper of 2007 considers them in the â€Å"Strategy for Europe in Nutritio n, Obesity and Overweight† and other health-related problem (European Commission 2011a:6). To show the correlation, several countries have been on the verge of implementing the aforementioned strategy to be part of their physical activity with the aim of improving health. The policy would ensure that the large gap in sports and physical activity is reduced with the physical activities being incorporated in different levels by different stakeholders. The Commission has supported transnational networks and projects carried with the aim of enhancing heath through physical activity like sports (Europa 2011).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social inclusion The potential derived from sports as a result of social inclusion and equal opportunities is not well or sufficiently implemented in EU and national levels, hence i ts need through the Communication. According to the UN Convention on the Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which EU and its member states are signatory, people with disabilities and living among ourselves have the right to fully or partially participate in sporting activities on equal basis (European Commission 2011a:6). The EU and the member states, therefore, have an obligation to ensure that the rights are not abused and are effectively implemented and operational. For a long time, women have been under-represented in some sports areas. However, in respect to the â€Å"Strategy for Equality between Women and Men 2010-2015, the Commission will encourage the mainstreaming of gender issues into sport-related activities† (European Commission 2011a:6). This will ensure gender parity in sports representation in the EU region and its member states. Europe is a multilingual society which is majorly necessitated by the increase in the number of immigrants in the region. Th rough sports, the host society and the immigrants can easily interact positively, thus furthering intercultural dialogue and integration at national and international levels. Subsequently, sports can be used to enhance social inclusion of social minorities as well as other disadvantaged or vulnerable groups, thus contributing to better understanding among different communities and ethnic groups (Europa 2011). The commission advocates for the inclusion of women in leadership options in sports. This could be achieved through the establishment of networks which promotes women access to participate in sports leadership. Also, through transnational projects, social integration of the disadvantaged groups and the vulnerable would enhance social inclusion. Economic development and regeneration Sports have been regarded as one of the largest and fast-growing sectors of the economy. As a result, the sector contributes largely in economic growth, creation of jobs, and employment, among other related economic activities. Statistics show that currently, 2% of the global GDP is part of the sports sector since sports are major part of tourism in Europe (European Commission 2011a:8). The Commission supports the full compliance with the European Union competition laws and the Internal Markets rules as well as protection of revenue sourcing avenues from the sports sector. Media rights should be sponsored with the idea that different states have different rules and media laws which have to be respected.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that sports have become one of the significant employment sustaining ventures in the world, EU funds could be used to develop projects and activities that sustain the sports structures and industry (Europa 2011). For example, activities like urban regeneration, employability, labor market integration, and rural development could be carried in solidarity among the member states. The Commission ensures that issues related to intellectual property in sports coverage are put into consideration while implementing the Digital Agenda Initiative (European Commission 2011). Political ideologies influencing the policy or issues The political ideology behind the adoption of the policy is to empower EU with the mandate of coordinating and regulating sports in Europe. According to de Coubertin (2008), there is need for cooperation among the member states in Europe. As a result, the EU member states would strengthen political cooperation on sports where resources will be shared equally amon g the member states. In addition, reinforcement of rolling agenda and common priorities in sports would be achieved. As noted in the Communication policy paper, there are some challenges facing sports in Europe which cannot be addressed and handled by the member states individually. For instance, issues related to doping which threatens moral and physical integrity of sportsmen and women, health-related issues because of low or limited physical activity, social exclusion of physically disadvantaged persons and untapped potential in sports, inadequate protection of IPRS (intellectual property rights), sports discriminations on the basis of nationality, lack of legal clarity on EU law application and lack of adequate information on EU member states (Europa 2011). From a political point of view, these challenges cannot be handled from a member state position hence the need for the formulation and the adoption of the policy which would address these challenges. Therefore, the identified issues can be addressed adequately at EU level since the issues are transnational (Europa 2011). There exists a discrepancy among EU member states, especially in the sports sector. As a result, the Commission has seen the need to adopt the Communication that will help achieve European added value â€Å"through the identification and dissemination of good practices and support networking† (Europa 2011). The EU will have the mandate of increasing the impact of the national action in the sports area. This would form a link that would connect different stakeholders in the sports sector and allow exchange of ideas among member states and other interested parties. In addition, the Communication will increase cooperation among sports stakeholders which was in non-existence (Europa 2011). As a result, disparities in sports among the member states will be partially if not fully addressed. Governance, especially in sports, is based on self-regulation and autonomy of sports organizatio ns (European Commission 2011a:10). Absence of a single model of governance across the EU sports and member states, the Commission sees the opportunity to have an autonomous inception of governance at the European level. Good governance and accountability in sports can be achieved upon the address of the identified challenges facing the EU member states. In other words, â€Å"good governance in sport is a condition for addressing challenges regarding sport and the EU legal framework† (European Commission 2011a:10). Implication on citizenship, rights, needs and the role of the state The state will have a limited role to play as the EU Commission will carry most of the activities on behalf of the member states. However, the member states will retain their full competence in sports and the EU law on sports will not act as a substitute to the role played by the member states (Europa 2011). In respect to TV rights, the Commission proposes adoption of regulations that would ensure f inancial solidarity and redistribution of TV rights among member states. This means that the state autonomy will be slated thus having less control over its TV rights financial gain. The new Communication will play majority of the roles on behalf of the member states. Issues related to citizenship, employment, justice, and home affairs will be largely dealt not at national but at EU level. This implies that the role played in-state will somehow be reduced. The available Treaty â€Å"prohibits discrimination based on nationality and enshrines the principle of free movement† (European Commission 2011a:11). The treaty preserves the issues of nationality in regard to sports and has reaffirmed free movement of a professional player, their rights, and movement of workers. Lastly, the policy advocates for the inclusion of women in leadership positions as a way of reducing the discrepancy that has been in existence. This has been aligned with the UN Convention on Rights of persons wi th disabilities who are also considered to have right in sports. Strengths and weaknesses of the policy One of the major strengths of the policy, is that efforts and resources from different EU member states have been pooled together to promote sports and leisure. For example, the Commission and the member states will develop and implement security safety requirements and arrangements for events at international levels. In addition, peer review projects and pan-European training projects for police offers will be enhanced, thus reducing spectator violence at international levels. The resources will also be used to fight against drugs and doping practices among the athletes’ amateurs. Through the Commission, it will aid examine the most appropriate method that can be used to reinforce measures that would be used against the long chain of doping substances, and if possible supported by the criminal law. Consultations were made on the member states of EU by the Commission while preparing the Communication (Europa 2011) thus getting consensus on what laws to implement and not (European Commission 2011). As a result, some topics such as inclusion of societal inclusion, health-enhancing physical activities, and good governance among others have been considered at the EU level. Through the Communication, different stakeholders and players such as all the member states public authorities, International Olympics Committees, Leagues, International Sports Federations, International And European Organizations, which include UNESCO, WADA, WHO, and Council of Europe will be brought together thus promoting sports (Europa 2011). Other players included are citizens in general, sports support staff, volunteers, and other education sport-related organizations, such as sporting goods, and media. The inclusion of these target groups will promote sports and leisure at national and EU levels. The monitoring and evaluation of the policy will incorporate different stakeholders. According to the report presented by the European Commission (2011:38), the Commission will continue having dialogue with expert practitioners and both private and public stakeholders. Others who will be consulted and engaged in the monitoring and evaluation process are the Committee on Regions and European Economic and Social Committee, the European Parliament, and the European Council. The Communication is planning to set adequate time frame that will be used by the different bodies to exchange views and receive feedback on any changes from sports representatives. The inclusivity of varying member groups and stakeholders will ensure full monitoring and evaluation of the Communication. Through social inclusion and equal opportunities, the Communication promotes the UN Convention on the Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the European Commission 2011). The policy aims at promoting physical and moral integrity of sportspeople among the EU member states. As a result, the Membe r states and the Commission will be able to join forces and fight against social behaviours such doping which is repugnant in athlete sports. As result policies and actions will enhance moral and physical integrity. Weaknesses One of the major weaknesses is the credibility and the reliability of the data and information collected and used in developing the policy. According to the European Commission (2011:15), there is scarcity of data and information on sport for the European member states which discredits the degree of soundness, accuracy, and comparability of the data. As a result, the Commission has been developing the policy based on assumptions. The Communication interferes with sports autonomy through some of the practices and policies it is planning to put into place. Given that the EU Commission will have the mandate to â€Å"carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement the actions of the member states† (Cash 2011), the Member States will lack their exclus ive competence as the Union will provide all the coordination which will cause interference through the direction of the British sports policy (Cash 2011). The policy lacks solutions to some of identified issues like doping of substances and trade of doping substances through organized networks. The Commission has only proposed the likelihood of including reinforcing measures which could adopt the criminal law. The proposal by the Commission leaves a gap as it is not clear whether criminal sanctions would be adopted for doping in sports or what action actions would be taken on the same. Another issue that has been interfered by the Commission is in regard to sports media, media rights, and intellectual property rights. Notably, television rights have been the primary source of income in reference to professional sports like football (Europa 2011). Under the Commission provisions, it has been suggested that â€Å"the commercial exploitation of professional sport should be accompanie d by strong redistribution and solidarity mechanisms† (Cash 2011) which would be achieved through the proposed collective media rights which will lead to financial solidarity and redistribution within sports in the region (Cash 2011). In addition, the Commission plans to strengthen mechanisms which will strengthen financial solidarity through collective selling of media rights. It is of essence to note that issues like selling of media rights or TV rights remain to be domestic issues which should not be interfered by the EU instead, the Premier League is entitled the obligation to decide on the procedure to use while selling its TV rights in the UK. Contradictory elements The application of the EU laws to sport, Competition provision, and Internal Market has raised concerns from the stakeholders (Europa 2011). According to the sports stakeholders, the certainty of the European law on sports is not clear especially in regard to the treaty provisions on issues like amateur sport s, value-added tax, and free movement of workers, state aid, and antitrust laws. Generally, treaties prohibit discrimination as a result of nationality and advocates for free movement of workers. In the past, the European Court of Justice has had given rulings on issues related to players date transfer, recruitment and the compensation of players, and the composition of the national teams among other sports-related issues (European Commission 2011a:14). Accordingly, the free movement laws are not applied on professional players as this is covered under the TFEU. This contradicts the functionality of Treaties which allows free movement of all workers, which is inclusive of professional players. In addition, there are reports that issues related to the access to sports competitions and activities in some EU member states hence need for clarity. Again, this contradicts the EU laws on sports as the new policy has the mandate to coordinate, support and supplement actions of member states where issues like restrictions to access to sports competition have not been addressed. According to the European Commission (2011a:11), rules concerned with direct discrimination have been found to be not compatible to the EU law. This raises a contradictory issue as the Commission has not identified solution or how the EU law can include or solve the issue of direct discrimination on professional sport. Reference List Cash, B 2011, Brussels set to interfere on sports autonomy. Web. de Coubertin P 2008, Appendix: The Pierre de Coubertin Action Plan. Web. Europa 2011, Commission staff working document impact assessment  accompanying document to the communication from the commission to the  European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee  and the committee of the regions developing the European Dimension in Sport  {COM(2011) 12 final} {SEC(2011) 66 final} {SEC(2011) 68 final}/* SEC/2011/0067final */. Web. European Commission 2011, Communication f rom the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: Developing the European dimension in sport, European Commission. Web. European Commission 2011a, Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: Developing the European dimension in sport, European Commission. Web. This coursework on Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it was written and submitted by user Jamal Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.